Lets React - Chem Flashcards
Three subtomic particles
Proton = Positive charge
Neutron = Neutral charge (no charge)
Electron = Negative charge
Structure of an atom
Proton and Neutron = Nucleus
Electrons = Outside the nucelus - electron shells
What is the atomic number
Total number of protons (and electrons)
How to calculate mass number
Protons + Neutrons
What is an elctron shell
The orbit that electrons are found on
What’s an atom
The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist
What is in the nucleus
Contains protons and neutrons
Atomic number
= protons = electrons
Mass number of calcium (atomic number = 20, neutrons = 20)
20 + 20 = 40
Mass number is 40
Maximum of number of electrons per shell
2,8,8,2
How to identify elements by their electronic figuration
Add up all the numbers which is equal to the atomic number.
For example, 2,8,1 added together = 11
The element with the atomic number is 11 therefore meaning it is SODIUM
Flame test and the colours of metal ion
Each metal ion emits a unique colour when heated due to the energy absorbed by the electrons in the metal atoms. When the electrons return to their ground state from an excited state, they release energy in the form of light. The wavelength of this light corresponds to specific colors in the visible spectrum
Lithium: A bright red flame
Sodium: Intense yellow flame
Copper: Blue-green flame.
Why is the outer shell of electrons important
Because they determine the stability of the element, if in the valence shell, there are 7 electrons in the valance shell it will be highly unstable. But when the valance shell is full it is stable and unreactive
Relate the number of valence electrons to the group number on the periodic table
Depending on the number of the group determines the amount of electrons in the valence shell, for example, sodium is in group 1, so it has 1 electron in the valance shell
What is an Ion
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a positive or negative electrical charge.
What is a Cation
A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons. Losingelectrons means it becomes more negative. (caTion: T (plus) for positive)
What is an anion
An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons. Gaining electrons means it becomes more negative. (aNioN: N for negative)
Why do atoms form ions
Atoms form ions to achieve a more stable electron configuration and attain a full outer shell of electrons. This stability is typically achieved by either gaining or losing electrons to match the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.
What type of elements form anions and cations
Anions - Typically nonmetals
Cations - Typically metals
Explain how bonds form between ions
Atoms gain or lose electrons to become ions
Positively charged ions (cations) are attracted to negatively charged ions (anions) due to their opposite charges.
When many cations and anions come together, they form an ionic compound.
State the law of conservation of mass
Mass cant be destroyed or created so when a chemical reaction takes place, there will be an equal amount of products and reactants
Describe how to do an experiment to show the Law of conservation of mass
By comparing the masses of the reactants and products before and after the reaction, you can demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Mass.
How can you tell if a chemical reaction has occured
Change in smell
Change in temperature
Smoke or gas has been released
Change in colour
What are the reactants and products (where are they)
Reactants are at the start of the equation and products are at the end
Describe the difference between a physical and a chemical change.
Physical changes
A change in the form, state, or appearance of matter that does not alter its chemical composition.
Chemical change
A chemical change is a change in which one or more substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical compositions and properties.
What is the rate of reaction
The rate of a chemical reaction refers to how quickly or slowly reactants are converted into products during a chemical reaction.
List the factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Temperature, Catalysts, Surface area, Concentration
Tempeature (in terms of factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction)
Increasing the temperature generally increases the rate of reaction as it provides more energy to reactant molecules, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions.
Catalysts (in terms of factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction)
Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. They do not participate in the reaction themselves and can be reused.
Surface area (in terms of factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction)
For reactions involving solids, increasing the surface area of solid reactants by breaking them into smaller pieces or increasing their surface area exposes more reactant particles to collisions, increasing the reaction rate.
Concentration (in terms of factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction)
If the concentration of reactants is increased, there are more reactant particles moving together
