Lets Cancer The Fuck Out Of Female Flashcards by Yazan adnan | Brainscape

Q

Hamartoma of 3 tissues

vessels, cardiac and adipose tissue
increased frequency of tubular sclerosis

A

Angiomyolipoma

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Q

malignant of tubules epithelium
triad : hematuria, palpable mass and flank pain
yelllow mass - clear cytoplasm ( clear cell type)
H

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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Q

Loss of VHL tumour suppressor gene ->
Heredetory -> multiple bilateral
Sporadic -> smoking, single upper pole tumour
Von hipple disease - inactivation of VHL dominant and increased hemangioblastoma

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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Q

Most common renal neoplasm in children
Malignant blastema (immature kidney mesenchyme)
WT1 mutation-> large unilateral mass (wagr syndrome)

A

Wilms tumour

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Q

Most common type of bladder cancer

malignant of urothelial lining of pelvis ureter, bladder, urethra
painless hematouria in a smoking adult

A

Urothelial cancer

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Q

This cancer happens in 2 pathways
Flat- starts as high grade and invasive due. To P53 mutation
Papillary- vessel core, starts as low grade -> high -> invasive
-multifocal and recurs - field defect

A

Urothelial carcinoma

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Q

Happens in the bladder after squamous metaplasia
SCHISTOSOMA HEMATOBIUM -> middle eastren make
chronic cystitis
chronic nephrolithisis

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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Q

Happens usually in the bladder

Arises from URACHAL REMEMANT
CYSTITIS GLANDULARIS, exatrophy: the urothelium doesn’t have glands so this is the only case

A

Adenocarcinoma

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Q

Where do testicular tumors arise from

A

Germ cells and sex cord stroma

There is no epithelial tumours

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Q

Can testicular tumours be transluminated

A

No they can’t, presents as firm and painless masses

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Q

Why do we not biopsy testicular tumours

A

To avoid the risk of seeding the scrotum with cancer cells

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Q

How are testicular tumour removed

A

Radial orchiectomy

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Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumour

A

Germ cell type 95%

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Q

Are there benign germ cell testicular tumours

A

No they are all malignant

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Q

Risk factors of germ cell testicular tumours

A

Cryptochidsm and klinefilter syndrome

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Q

Types of germ cell testicular tumours

A

Seminoma and non seminoma

Seminomas respond to radiotherapy metastasis late and have excellent prognosis

Q

Malignant tumour of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (similar to dysgerminoma)
Homogeneous mass in the testes with no hemorage or necrosis

A

Seminoma

Q

A mass in the scrotum with necrosis and is hemorrhagic
- malignant tumour of immature primitive cells that may form glands
Aggressive with early hematogenous spread
- high AFP or HIGH B-HCG may be present

A

Embryonal carcinoma

Q

Schiller duval bodies (glomeruloid like)
malignant tumour
AFP is high
most common testicular tumour of children

A

Yolk sac tumour

Q

Malignant tumour of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotophoblasts
Spreads via blood
ELEVATED B-HCG - can lead to hyper thyroidism or gynacomastia

Syncytiotrophoblasts- Makes B-HCG

A

CHORIOCARCINOMA

Q

Tumour of nature fetal tissue derived from 2-3 embryonic layers
Malignant in males and benign in females

A

Teratoma

Q

Germ cell tumours are usually mixed

Prognosis is based on worst component

A

Mixed germ cell tumour

Q

Tumours that resemble sex cord stromal tissue of testicle

Usually benign

A

Sex stromal tumours

Q

A tumour that usually produces androgen
REINKE CRYSTALS on histology
Precocious puberty in children or gyneconastia in adults

A

Leydig cell tumour

Q

A testicular tumour that forms tubules and is clinically silent

A

Sertoli cell tumour

Q

Most common cause of testicular mass in males above 60 years old and is often bilateral
DIFFUSE LARGE B CELL TYPE

A

Lymphoma

Q

Hyper plasia if stoma and glands of the prostate
Age related with no chance of cancer
Testosterone-> DHT which causes it
Occurs in periurethral zone compressing the urethra
- PSA is elevated 4-10 (0-4 is normal)

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Q

Malignant proliferation of prostatic glands
Most common cancer in men and second most common cause of death
Occurs in the posterior zone so presents very late no urinary problems
On histology The nuclei contains DSRK NUCLEOLI

A

Prostate adenocarcinoma

Q

How to screen for prostate adenocarcinoma and when to screen

A

Begins at 50 years old with digital rectal exam and PSA level should be above 10

Q

How to grade adenocarcinoma of prostate and what shows on biopsy

A

The nuclei contains dark nucleoli
Gleason grading system from 2-10 based on architecture not nuclear atypia
- the cancer spreads to the lumbar spine making osteoblastic metastasis

Q

A cancer that affects the shaft
In situ carcinoma presenting as leukoplakia
Associated with HPV
Malignant cells haven’t invaded yet but they can

A

Bowen disease

Q

Insitu carcinoma of the shaft but doesn’t invade like Bowen’s presenters like reddish papules

A

Bowenoid papulosis

Q

Malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skins

Risk factor high risk HPV and lack of cirumsition

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis