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IB History of the Americas > LET'S WRAP THIS BABY UPP!!!! > Flashcards

LET'S WRAP THIS BABY UPP!!!! Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was the process of Reconstruction necessary?

A

reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society

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2
Q

What was the initial approach taken by Lincoln (“10% plan”, Freemen’s Bureau)

A

To assist emancipated people

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3
Q

How did the goals of and methods for carrying out reconstruction differ between Andrew Johnson and the Republican-controlled Congress?

A

Republican-controlled Congress wants Reconstruction and Johnson did not

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4
Q

What were the short term accomplishments of Reconstruction?

What changes to the Constitution (even if ignored for many years) would have an impact on civil rights a century later?

A

abolished slavery ??

Congress passed 3 constitutional amendments
- 13th, 14th, 15th amendment

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5
Q

How was Congress able to implement the establishment of biracial governments in the south?

What obstacles to progress in racial equality existed at the time?

What actions as well as political trends ultimately caused the downfall of Reconstruction policies?

A

Although biracial governments continued in some Southern locations many stops because of
- restoration of farmers,
- Confederate voting

  • intimidation of black and white gop voters
  • violent actions of elected officials
  • The election of 1876 (Hayes verse Tilden) and the compromise of 1877 led to the end of reconstruction
  • Jim Crow laws also ended reconstruction
  • The US congressional election of 1870 to 1876 had many Republican seats lost which also ended the instruction
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6
Q

What has changed in the way historians have covered the Reconstruction era
(“redemptionist” vs. “revisionist”)?

A

Redemptionist: restored whites in history “reconstruction was corrupt”

Revisionist: modern take

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7
Q

What was the holding in the Plessy v. Ferguson case?

A

upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races”

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8
Q

What was the Court’s justification for Plessy v. Ferguson its reasoning?

A

separate treatment did not imply the inferiority of African Americans

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9
Q

what was the impact Plessy v. Ferguson on civil rights?

A

upheld state-imposed Jim Crow laws

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10
Q

How did the “Jim Crow” system operate?

A
  • segregation laws
  • voting rights obstacles like literacy tests and poll taxes
  • terror campaigns/lynching)
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11
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A

the relocation of more than 6 million Black Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North
to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow

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12
Q

Why did the Great Migration happen?

A

men left factories to participate in WW1 so blacks can to take there jobs
(Industrialization in the north)

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13
Q

What was the role of the following in ending Jim Crow: Brown v. Board of Ed.?

A

“separate but equal” standards of racial segregation were unconstitutional

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14
Q

What was the role of the following in ending Jim Crow: Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A

prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

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15
Q

What was the role of the following in ending Jim Crow: Loving v. Virginia?

A

Fourteenth Amendment prohibits governments from discriminating against individuals on the basis of race

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16
Q

What happened at Little Rock–why is it both historically significant but not necessarily a trigger to progress?

A
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17
Q

*How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 24th Amendment outlaw “Jim Crow” voting obstacles?

A

Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed most discriminatory voting practices in southern states such as literacy tests, poll taxes
Use of poll taxes in national elections had been abolished by the 24th amendment

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18
Q

What is a recession?

A

GDP has declined for 6 successive months (2 successive quarters)

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19
Q

What causes recessions?

A

high interest rates, a stock market crash

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20
Q

What are the “symptoms” of a recession?

A
  • Business failures/closing
  • Growing unemployment
  • (usually) falling prices
  • (frequently) bank failures and/or reduced lending
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21
Q

What doesn’t usually happen during recessions?

A

Prices go up

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22
Q

*What are the two kinds of inflation?

A

Demand-Pull Inflation and Cost-Push Inflation

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23
Q

Demand-Pull cause:

A

increase in demand, and the supply remains the same or decrease

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24
Q

Cost-Push cause:

A

an increase in the cost of production

25
Q

How do the frequency and severity of recessions before and after the Great Depression differ?

A

BEFORE: not uncommon
AFTER: much more frequency but less severe

26
Q

Why did farmers suffer in the 1870s, what was the motivation for their forming the Grange/Populist movement (see video).

A

unable to make a living because the prices they could charge from their crops was less than they could grow them and ship them (who was responsible - other farmers- too much competition)
came together - to find way for farmers to COLLABORATE instead of competing against each other (enemy of this movement- railroads)

27
Q

What ideas were supported by the Populist movement? Why? Which ones are still with us today? (also see video as well as 1865-1920 assignment).

A
  • Give women right to vote
    (There would be a lot more voting support for pro-farmer political agendas (such as that of the Populist Party) and pro-farmer candidates. Many male farmers had wives, mothers, sisters, aunts, etc. so this could at least double farmers’ voting power)
  • More direct democracy (let people make laws by petition)
28
Q

What is collective bargaining?

A

when a group of representatives negotiate on behalf of an entire group of workers so that every worker gets the same deal or contract rather than each worker negotiating for him/herself.

29
Q

How did businesses attempt to stop collective bargaining in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A

form labor unions

Wagner Act??

30
Q

What changes in the treatment of unions was brought about by
the actions of president Theodore Roosevelt?

A

Instead of using the power of the federal government to break the strike, he attempted to act as a mediator, inviting leaders of both sides to the White House to come to an agreement. (during Anthracite Coal Strike” of 1902)

31
Q

What changes in the treatment of unions was brought about by
The Clayton Antitrust Act?

A

Labor unions were specifically exempted from being classified as trusts (which would have otherwise made them illegal)

32
Q

*What changes in the treatment of unions was brought about by The “Wagner Act” (from the New Deal)?

A

obligated employers to bargain collectively with unions

33
Q

*How did the AFL differ from more ideological/socialist unions?

A

AFL did not want to control the means of production like socialist unions they just wanted to improve working conditions

This was an example of a union with “bread and butter” goals, i.e., concerned mainly with raising workers’ wages, reducing hours, and improving safety conditions. It differed from more “socialist” unions, which pushed for worker control of the means of production & dismantling of capitalism. “Bread and butter” unions were not interested in dismantling capitalism, just readjusting the share given to workers.

34
Q

What were issues of concern to the “progressive movement” and what were proposals to address these?

A

Remember the “4Cs”: ‘C’orporations in ‘C’ontrol, ‘Corruption,’ ‘C’onservation’, and C’ity ‘C’onditions (which include Over’c’rowding, ‘c’rime, health ‘c’are, etc.
Proposals through reforms

35
Q

What Progressive policies are still with us?

A
  • FDA and meat inspection
  • civil service reform
  • Clayton Antitrust Act
  • Federal Reserve system
  • Federal Trade Commission
  • political primaries
  • health/safety regulations
36
Q

*What later policies would have been applauded by the Progressive Movement?

A

EPA, campaign finance reform

37
Q

What were the major causes of the Great Depression that began during the “Roaring ‘20s”?

A

Overproduction, Income inequality, severe drop in farm prices, other nations struggling

38
Q

In terms of magnitude, what was the severity of the Great Depression?

A

VERY severe (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell by 50 percent between 1929 and 1933)

39
Q

What are some examples of New Deal programs?

A

CCC, NIRA, TVA, WPA, Social Security, Fair Labor Standards Act

40
Q

CCC

A

Civilian Conservation Corps
- goal: Unemployment and the potential for unemployed young men to get into trouble with the law
- hundreds of residential work-sites, mostly in rural areas. They were run like a combination of the army and summer camp
- Outcome: Over 600,000 jobs were created.

41
Q

National Industrial Recovery Act
NIRA

A
  • Allowed companies in a particular industry to form a cooperative organization to fix prices within that industry (this goes against the Progressive idea of breaking up trusts).
  • In exchange for being allowed to do the above, companies were required to guarantee, to workers: A minimum wage, maximum weekly hours, and the right to bargain collectively
42
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority)
(TVA)

A

Problem: ⅓ of homes in the Tennessee Valley had no electricity & businesses would not locate in an area without electricity.
How it worked: Using federal $$, power plants were built in the area and power lines were installed. This would provide immediate relief in the form of construction jobs, but then the government-run power company would provide low-cost electricity, encouraging businesses to locate in the area as well as promote new home construction.

43
Q

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A

Construction jobs: The WPA created many public-works building projects. The results of many WPA projects are located in the immediate NY area.

Other jobs: The philosophy of the WPA was to create jobs for unemployed people in their fields of expertise, as a result, a number of WPA “offshoots” included jobs for artists, musicians, writers, and actors. Name several of the WPA programs that provided such jobs: Federal Theater Project, Federal Writers Project, Federal Music Project

44
Q

*Why was there a “Cold War” beginning just after WWII (why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R. distrust one another)?

A
45
Q

Why and how did the U.S. get involved in the conflict between North and South Korea in the early 1950s?

A

America wanted not just to contain communism - they also wanted to prevent the domino effect

46
Q

Why was the U.S. already involved (financially) in the conflict between Ho Chi Minh’s independence forces and France when the French withdrew in 1954?

How and why did the U.S. get further involved in the 1950s? How and why did the U.S. get much further involved after the “Gulf of Tonkin Incident” in 1964? What was the final outcome for the Vietnam conflict?

A

Washington aided the French during their war with the Viet Minh, investing almost $3 billion in the years prior to 1954???

47
Q

**What is a “concurrent power?” What are some examples? Can you recognize whether (and why) something is a concurrent power?

A

shared by both the federal government and state governments
Examples: taxes, creation of courts, and education

48
Q

**What is the “Elastic Clause?” When would it be needed to justify a power exercised by Congress? What are some historical examples? You should also be able to determine whether the “Elastic Clause” would be needed for justifying a hypothetical law.

A
  • Stretches the powers of congress that congress does not already have
  • Examples: creation of air force and creation of national bank
49
Q

**What is an executive order?

A

President issue a new law

50
Q

**What are some historical examples of executive orders?

A
  • Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
    • FDR’s “Bank Holiday”
    • FDR’s Executive Order 9066–the internment of Japanese-Americans
    • Truman’s desegregation of the armed forces
    • Carter’s thermostat setting
    • Clinton’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy.
51
Q

** How can an executive order be overturned?

A

Presents can reverse previous president’s executive orders by issuing a new executive order

52
Q

**What power was Congress originally given over taxation, and how did the 16th amendment expand that power (and why)?

A
53
Q

**Under what circumstances does/can the Supreme Court declare a law unconstitutional (this includes knowing that the Supreme Court plays NO role in the lawmaking process–i.e., the process for turning a bill into a law)?

A

SC plays no role in the law-making process ONLY AFTER

54
Q

**What is the president’s constitutional power to pardon (and this includes knowing that there is no constitutional check on this power)

A

Can pardon individuals convicted of a crime at FEDERAL level

55
Q

**8 examples of the expansion of federal government power

A

1791: Alexander Hamilton’s economic plans enacted (Creation of First National Bank (FBUS) 1791 and Nationalization of state debts)

1819: Supreme Court declares the existence of a national bank is constitutional
(McCulloch v. Maryland)

1862: Uniform Currency Act creates uniform paper currency nationwide for first time.

1913: Federal Reserve System to manage money supply is created by the Federal Reserve Act.

1913: The 16th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, permitting Congress to impose taxes directly on individual incomes (i.e., without having to collect taxes from states in proportion to their populations.

1913: The 17th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, allowing citizens (voters) to directly elect senators from their states rather than the choices being made by the state legislatures.

1964: Congress passes (signed by LBJ) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawing segregation in “places of public accommodation” and in job hiring. Basically outlaws most “Jim Crow” state laws.

2015: Supreme Court rules that states must recognize same-sex marriages performed in any state.

56
Q

**FOUR examples of the reduction of federal government power

A

1850: Congressional Compromise permits residents of Utah and New Mexico territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery (through “popular sovereignty”) rather than imposing decision.

1896: Supreme Court rules that states are allowed to create systems of segregation in public access (such as transportation, hospitals, parks, etc.) that won’t be seen as violating the 14th Amendment. (Plessy v. Ferguson). Basically serves as justification for entire system of “Jim Crow” laws.
A sizeable majority of southern school districts (and some northern ones) refuse to implement the “Brown” decision (see to the left)

As part of Medicare law, a separate program, Medicaid, was established to provide medical insurance to low-income families and individuals; although 90% of money comes from federal government, use of funds is administered by states.

57
Q

**What does impeachment mean (and what doesn’t it mean).

A

This includes knowing that impeachment is a formal charge (not a punishment) by a majority of the House of Representatives against a member of the executive or judicial branch that must be adjudicated by a ⅔ vote in the Senate. There is NO participation by the federal court system.

58
Q

**What were the trends in selection of presidential electors 1820s-1840s (there were two)

A

-More states are adopting the “winner take all” method of selecting electors.
- …elected based on statewide popular vote.

59
Q

What Supreme Court cases were overturned by Constitutional amendment (we only discussed two in this course).

A

Dred Scott v. San[d]ford
13th - abolition of slavery
14th- born in the US- automatic citizen of US
Pollock v. Farmer Loan Co.
16th - Congress has power to collect + levy taxes

IB History of the Americas (16 decks)

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