let 16- antimicrobial drugs

Question 1

what are antimicrobial agents

Answer 1

chemical substances used to treat infectious disease

Question 2

synthetic antibacterial agents role

Answer 2

primarily inhibit DNA synthesis and cell wall formation

Question 3

beta- lactam antibotic target

Answer 3

bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 4

what are superbugs

Answer 4

when species have antimicrobial resistance (immune)

• causes my misuse or overuse

Question 5

what is significant about Alexander Fleming. what did he work on. and what is his discovery

Answer 5

• was trying to go STAPHYLOCOCCUS bacteria
• noticed lack of bacteria surrounding mold on plate
• identified mold species as “penicillium”
• failed to isolate a substance from the mold
• was identified it was effective on many drugs

Question 6

what are antibiotics

Answer 6

• drugs derived from the metabolism of a living organism

Question 7

synthetic drugs

Answer 7

• antimicrobial drugs that are synthesized in the lab

Question 8

semisynthetic drugs

Answer 8

• antimicrobial- chemically modified versions of natural drugs

Question 9

antimicrobial factors to consider

Answer 9

• selective toxicity
• antimicrobial spectrum
• want to maximize the harm to the microorganism and minimize the harm to us’
• want to be a narrow spectrum and only target the the very specific pathogen interested

board spectrum synthetic agents- not sure what bacteria is- when patient is very sick- narrow the range– more targeted

Question 10

how different antibiotics affect bacteria

Answer 10

• different antibiotic affect different bacteria ribosome
• affects translation in different ways

Question 11

what’s the minimum inhibitory concentration? how is it tested?

Answer 11

lowest concentration of antibiotic that will prevent growth of pathogen

• tested by different concentrations of antibiotic diffuse into agar plate
• bacteria cells placed in each broth, dilutions of antibiotic added, colourless dye added, changed colour if contains living bacteria cell

Question 12

how does antibiotic resistance occur

Answer 12

1. mutation during DNA replication
2. transfer horizontally from other bacteria

Question 13

bata lactase

Answer 13

• bacteria resistance to penicillins
• beta lactase enzymes can cut the beta lactam ring
• converts into harmless penicillin acid

Question 15

how to prevent antibiotic resistance

Answer 15

1. hydrolysis– split apart the antibiotic
2. modification– add/remove chemical groups
3. membran modifiication
   - prevent drug from cytoplasm entry
4. target modification
   - alteration

Question 16

why does antibiotic resistance occur

Answer 16

• misuse
• abuse- overuse