Lessons

Question 1

During which week of development is the pronefrost scene?

Answer 1

Week 3

Question 2

After development of the pronephros, what happens to it?

Answer 2

Degenerates

Question 3

Which embryologic structure functions as an interim kidney during the first trimester?

Answer 3

Mesonephros

Question 4

In males the mesonephros persists as which system?

Answer 4

Male Genital System

Question 5

The wolffian duct forms which male structures?

Answer 5

Ductus deferens and epididymus

Question 6

Which week of development is the metanephros scene?

Answer 6

5th week

Question 7

Which week of Gestation is nephrogenesis completed?

Answer 7

Week 36

Question 8

The Ureteric bud gives rise to which structures?

Answer 8

Ureter pelvises calyces and collecting ducts

Question 9

Which week of gestation are the ureteric bud structures fully canalized?

Answer 9

Week 10

Question 10

Interactions of which 2 tissues or structures induces the differentiation and formation of the glomerulus through the duct?

Answer 10

The metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud

Question 11

Which structure in renal embryogenesis is the last to canalize?

Answer 11

The ureteropelvic junction

Question 12

Which test can identify obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction?

Answer 12

Prenatal Ultrasound

Question 13

What happens to the lungs in potter sequence ?

Answer 13

They are hypoplastic

Question 14

What is the underlying pathology leading to the potter sequence?

Answer 14

Oligohydramnios

Question 15

Cause of death in potter sequence

Answer 15

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 16

What does the mnemonic potter stand for in the potter sequence?

Answer 16

Pulmonary Hypoplasia oligohydramnios, twisted face, twisted skin extremely defects and renal failure

Question 17

Some of the problems that can cause oligohydramnios leading to potter sequence?

Answer 17

Placental insufficiency or reduced renal output

Question 18

Some underlying causes of reduced renal output associated with potter sequence

Answer 18

Bilateral renal agenesis, obstructive uropathy and AR PKD

Question 19

Under which vessel do horseshoe kidneys get stuck upon ascent?

Answer 19

Inferior mesenteric artery, although mostly benign

Question 20

4 common problems associated with horseshoe kidney.

Answer 20

Hydronephronsis, renal stones, infection and an increased risk of renal cancer

Question 21

Type of chromosomal problems associated with a horseshoe kidney

Answer 21

Any type of chromosomal aneuploidy

Question 22

The presence of unilateral agenesis is a result of failure of which structure during development?

Answer 22

The ureteric bud

Question 23

Describe the pathophysiology underlying the development a multi-cystic dysplastic kidney.

Answer 23

The ureteric bud develop but fails to induce differentiation of metabolic mesenchyme

Question 24

Which 2 areas can lead to the formation of y-shaped bifid ureter

Answer 24

Bifurcation of ureteric bud before it enters the metanephric blasters or when two uroteric reach and interact with the metanephric blastema.

Question 25

2 conditions strongly associated with a duplex collecting system.

Answer 25

Vesico ureteral reflux, ureteral obstruction

Question 26

Which type of infection is associated with a duplex collecting system

Answer 26

UTIS

Question 27

How does a duplex collecting system typically present?

Answer 27

With hydronephrosis

Question 28

Posterior ureteral valves are remnants of which make structure?

Answer 28

They are membranous remnants of the prostatic urethra in males

Question 29

What are 2 findings on ultrasound that will allow you to diagnose posterior urethral valves.

Answer 29

Bilateral hydronephrosis and a dilated or thick wall bladder

Question 30

What is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants?

Answer 30

Posterior Uretheral valves

Question 31

In cases of severe obstruction, posterior urethral valves are associated with which findings?

Answer 31

Oligohydramnios

Question 32

What is the main risk associated with vesicoureteral reflux?

Answer 32

Recurring UTIS

Question 33

What is the main primary cause of vesicoureteral reflux?

Answer 33

Either abnormal or insufficient insertion of the ureter within the ureteral vesicle junction

Question 34

What is the most likely secondary cause of vesicoureteral reflex?

Answer 34

Abnormally high bladder pressure

Question 35

2 errors can lead to the formation a y-shaped bifid ureter

Answer 35

Bifurcation of the uroteric bud before it enters the metanephric blastema or 2 uroteric buds reach and interact with the metanephric blastema