LESSONS 1-5 Flashcards
It is anything that impedes the communication of a message.
Interference
THE POWERS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
- Public speaking is a powerful weapon of change.
- Public speaking can build connections.
- Public speaking can be a vital means of civic engagement.
- Public speaking also helps in career advancement and development.
GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING
- Be courteous and attentive.
- Avoid prejudging the speaker.
- Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
Egocentric
Speech communication begins with a ________.
Speaker
KINDS OF PLAGIARISM
- Global plagiarism
- Patchwork plagiarism
- Incremental plagiarism
TIPS IN WRITING YOUR SPECIFIC PURPOSE STATEMENT:
- Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment.
- Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question.
- Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement.
- Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.
- Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.
Determining purpose usually fall into one of two overlapping categories
to inform or
to persuade
Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation
- Public speaking is more highly structured.
- Public speaking requires more formal language.
- Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.
Most people speak best about subjects with which they are most familiar. When thinking about a
topic, draw on your own knowledge and experience.
TOPIC YOU KNOW A LOT ABOUT
Keeping the audience foremost in mind in every step of the speech preparation and presentation.
Audience-centeredness
It gives maximum leeway in responding
Open Ended Questions
to provide emotional support for the speaker
Empathic listening
an interference that comes from within your audience.
internal interference
You want to change or structuralize the attitudes or actions of your audience.
To persuade.
the broad goal of a speech.
general purpose
“there is nothing that people are so interested in as themselves, their own problems, and the way to solve them.
The fact is… the primary starting point of all public speaking”
Harry Emerson Fosdick
is a physiological process. It involves the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system of the brain.
HEARING
FOUR CAUSES OF POOR LISTENING
- Not concentrating.
- Listening too hard.
- Jumping to conclusions.
- Focusing on delivery and personal appearance.
When you _______ an author, you restate or summarize her or his in your own words. You need to acknowledge the author or the person because still, with just a fair amount of his/her language, you are still using his/her opinions, ideas, and judgment.
Paraphrases
according to __________________ “If
you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything”.
Mark Twain
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
Visualization
Plagiarism comes from ______ the Latin word for_______.
plagiarius, kidnapper
Credible public speakers are open and honest with their audiences. Honesty includes telling your audience why you’re speaking and what you’ll address throughout your speech.
PLAGIARISM
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute).
spare brain time
Questions to Ask about Your Specific Purpose
- Does my purpose meet the assignment?
- Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?
- Is the purpose relevant to my audience?
- Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?
- Is the purpose too technical for my audience?
SIX WAYS TO TURN NERVOUSNESS FROM A NEGATIVE FORCE INTO A POSITIVE ONE
- Acquire Speaking Experience.
- Prepare, Prepare, Prepare.
- Think positively.
- Use the Power of Visualization.
- Know that Most Nervousness is Not Visible.
- Do not Expect Perfection.
It is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
Message
to understand the message of a speaker and gain information
Comprehensive listening
Your goal is to convey information clearly, accurately, and interestingly.
To inform.
This happens when you decide to make your speech a learning experience for yourself and or your
audience. You may choose a subject about which you already have some knowledge or expertise but not
enough to prepare a speech without doing additional research.
TOPICS YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT
This is usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
Feedback
Traits of the audience
size
physical setting
Disposition toward the topic
Disposition toward the speaker
Disposition Toward the Occasion
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experience.
Identification
According to ___________ , “A liar should have a good memory”,
Quintilian
The most obvious – and unforgivable – kind of plagiarism. It is grossly unethical. It is stealing your speech entirely form another source and passing it of as your own.
Global plagiarism
it is the subject of the speech. Or it is what your speech is all about
topic
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything
else in a speech.
residual message
It is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
Situation
to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
Critical listening
focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, cultural background, religion, sexual orientation, and group membership.
Demographic audience analysis
Whenever you quote someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person. It would make a strong addition to your speech as long as you acknowledge the owners/authors
Quotations
Major type of Questions
Fixed Alternative Questions
Scale Questions
Open ended Questions
Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation
- Organizing your thoughts logically.
- Tailoring your message to your audience.
- Telling a story for a maximum impact.
- Adapting to listener feedback.
It is conveying your message, thoughts, and ideas to a particular audience. Most of the time, a large audience.
PUBLIC SPEAKING
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such us the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the dispositions of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion.
Situational Audience Analysis
When you _______ an author, you restate or summarize her or his in your own words. You need to acknowledge the author or the person because still, with just a fair amount of his/her language, you are still using his/her opinions, ideas, and judgment.
Paraphrases
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
Critical thinking
The core principle of ethical communication is ________.
Honesty
brainstorming procedures you can follow to get started
- Personal Inventory
- Clustering
- Reference Search
- Internet Search
special nicknames that replace the name of a person and often describe them in some way.
epithets
Greek philosopher ____________ noted, all public speakers would be truthful and devoted to the good of society.
Plato
Guidelines for the Central Idea:
(1) should be expressed in s full sentence;
(2) should not be in the form of a question;
(3) should avoid figurative language; and,
(4) should not be vague or overly general
Involves weighing potential courses of action against a set of
ethical standards or guidelines
ETHICAL DECISION
for pleasure and enjoyment, or anything that helps us relax or makes us feel better and happy
Appreciative listening
KINDS OF LISTENING
- Appreciative listening
- Empathic listening
- Comprehensive listening
- Critical listening
It is when the entire speech is cribbed more or less verbatim from a single source or a few sources. It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts – increments – of the speech that are borrowed from other people.
Incremental plagiarism
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
active listening
It resembled fixed -Alternative questions, but they allow more leeway in responding.
Scale Questions
As the name implies, it offers fixed choice between two or more responses
Fixed Alternative Questions
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and
ideas. It’s writing down all of your thoughts and ideas.
brainstorming
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all member of the group are alike.
Stereotyping
Unlike global plagiarism, in which a speaker pirates an entire speech from a single source, _________ occurs when a speaker takes from two or three sources.
Patchwork plagiarism
HOW TO BECOME A BETTER LISTENER
- Take listening seriously.
- Be an active listener.
- Resist distractions.
- Do not be diverted by appearance or delivery.
- Suspend judgment.
- Focus your listening.
- Develop note-taking skills.
It is the anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
Stage fright
Involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
LISTENING
The core principle of ethical communication is ________.
Honesty
It is the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups. Such terms have been used to debase people because of their sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and ethnic background. It includes epithets
name-calling
central idea – a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
The _________ is a concise statement of what you expect to say. Sometimes, it is called the thesis
statement, the subject sentence, or the major thought. Another way to think of the central idea is as your
residual message.
central idea
Major Demographic Factors
Age
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background
Religion
Group membership.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- Speaker
- Message
- Channel
- Listener
- Feedback
- Interference
- Situation
The sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.
Frame of reference
It is the means by which a message is communicated.
Channel
A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
Adrenaline
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES of potential topics:
- TOPIC YOU KNOW A LOT ABOUT
- TOPICS YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
ETHICS
a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action.
ETHICAL DILEMMA
The person who receives the communicated message from the speaker.
Listener
an interference that happens outside you audience
external interference
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in
his/her speech
specific purpose
GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL SPEAKING
- Make sure your goals are ethically sound.
- Be fully prepared for each speech.
- Be honest in what you say.
- Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language.
- Put ethical principles into practice.
