Lesson0.1: Research Methods Flashcards
What is a theory?
A theory is a well-sustained explanation for a natural phenomenon that is broader than a single hypothesis
What do experiments do to theories?
Expand, support, or refute them
What is a requirement of a hypothesis?
It must be falsifiable
What is operationalization?
The process of determining how things will be measured and what those data will represent
What are independent variables also known as?
A factor, explanatory variable, predictor
What are levels?
Potential values of a factor/independent variable. Each factor has two or more levels.
What are combinations of factor levels called?
Treatments
What are experimental units?
The things being experimented on.
Animals: subjects
People: participants
What are confounding variables?
Unmeasured variables that may also affect the dependent variable
When should risks to participants be taken?
Only if it is necessary and outweighed by the expected benefits of the study
What should researchers do in a study where deception is necessary?
They should tell participants as much as possible about the expriment beforehand, should reveal its true purpose afterwards, and should give participants the opportunity to ask questions
What is a vulnerable population and what are some examples?
A population that is not able to protect its members’ self-interests in the course of being test subjects.
Examples include people who…
-lack the cognitive capacity to understand the risks involved
-lack the linguistic abilities to understand what they’re consenting to
-are in such poverty that monetary incentives would disproportionately convince them to undergo particularly risky work
What kind of work is ideal with vulnerable populations?
Work for vulnerable populations. For example, developing a pharmaceutical that may more quickly cure jaundice in newborns.
What are categorical variables and what are the two types?
Variables that are categories (favourite colour, university major, preferred mode of transportation)
2 types:
1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
What is a quantitative variable and what are the two types?
Variables that are numbers and behave like numbers (height, weight, salary)
2 types:
1) Interval
2) Ratio
What is a nominal variable?
A type of categorical variable that names something but has no meaningful order. For example, eye colour