Lesson Topic 1.1: Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy:
science that studies structure
Physiology:
science that studies body functions
Anatomy (structure) determines
physiology (functions)
4 basic types tissue:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Cellular:
cells containing organelles
Basic unit of life
Tissue:
groups of cells and surrounding material
Organ:
group of tissues performing a common function
System:
group of organs with a common function
Organism:
contains all systems of an individual
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Examples of variable factors
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Water and nutrient levels
Components of a Feedback System
Receptor: Recognizes the change and sends message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to:
Control Center: Evaluates input and sends output
Effector: Attempts to change the altered variable
(1) Receptor
A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.
(2) Control Center
A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
(3) Effector
An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
(a) Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. For example, when your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses to your skeletal muscles (effectors) that cause you to shiver, which generates heat and raises your temperature.
Negative Feedback Systems
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems
“Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP
Positive Feedback Systems
Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type
These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.
Examples:
Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at child birth
Hormonal control of ovulation
Systems that control blood clotting
Disorder:
abnormality of structure/function
Disease:
specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
subjective changes not observable from outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea
Signs:
observable or measurable changes. Examples: high BP, ankle swelling, fever
Aging and Homeostasis
Normal process that:
Includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis
Affects all body systems
Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
Anatomical position (Figure 1-5) pg. 13
Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward
Head
Cephalic
Skull
Cranial
Face
Facial
Forehead
frontal
Temple
temporal
eye
orbitial or ocular
Ear
otic
cheek
buccal
nose
nasal
mouth
oral
chin
mental
neck
cervical
breastbone
sternal
armpit
axillary
arm
brachial
front of elbow
antecubital
breast
mammary
naval
umbillical
forearm
antebrachial
hip
coxal
wrist
carpal
palm
palmar or volar
fingers
digital or phalangeal
groin
inguinal
thumb
pollex
hand
manual
thigh
femoral
pubis
pubic
anterior surface of knee
patellar
leg
crural
foot
pedal
ankle
tarsal
toes
digitial or phalangeal
top of foot
dorsum
great toe
hallux
Front view of body
Anterior
Back view of body
Posterior
Base of skull
Occipital
Shoulder Blade
scapular
spinal column
vertebral
back
dorsal
loin
lumbar
buttock
gluteal
between hips
sacral
region betweeen anus and external genitals
perineal
back of hand
dorsum
hollow behind knee
popliteal
sole of feet
plantar
heel of feet
calcaneal
Prone
body is lyin face down
Supine
body is lying face up
superior
cephalic or cranial) toward the head, or the upper part of a structure. The heart is superior to the liver.
Anterior
ventral) Nearer to or at the front of the body. The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to heart.
Posterior
(dorsal) Nearer to or at the back of the body. The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).
Medial
Nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane. The ulna is medial to the radius.
Lateral
Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane. The lungs are lateral to the heart.
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning. The humerus is proximal to the radius.
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning. The phalanges are distal to the carpals.
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
Deep
Away from the surface of the body. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
(1) The imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique.
(a) Sagittal plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
1) Midsagittal plane-
when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
2) Parasagittal plane-
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.
(b) Frontal plane or coronal plane
divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
(c) Transverse plane
divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
transverse plane may also be called
cross-sectional or horizontal plane
(d) Oblique plane
by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane.
a. Body cavities
(1) Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.
(a) The cranial cavity
formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain.
(b) The vertebral (spinal) canal
is formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.
The major body cavities of the trunk are
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
The thoracic cavity is the chest cavity. Within the thoracic cavity are three smaller cavities:
a) Pericardial cavity
b) Pleural cavities,
c) Mediastinum
a) Pericardial cavity
a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart,
b) Pleural cavities
each of which surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid
c) Mediastinum
1 The central portion of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum (breastbone) to the vertebral column (backbone), and from the first rib to the diaphragm (Figure 1-9), and contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.
Abdominopelvic cavity
extends from the diaphragm to the groin
a) The upper portion, the abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
b) The lower portion, the pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
A thin, slippery, double-layered serous membrane
covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
The parts of a serous membrane are (1) the parietal layer,
which lines the walls of the cavities
the visceral layer,
which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities
pericardium
. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
