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Bio 120 > Lesson Taxonomy And Bacteria > Flashcards

Lesson Taxonomy And Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Reason of Classification

A
  1. Criteria of microorganisms
  2. Arrange organisms
  3. Evolution of organisms
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2
Q

is the science of classification. It pro- vides an orderly basis for the naming of organisms and for placing organisms into a category, or taxon.

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

rod-shaped and have a Gram-negative cell wall.

A

E. Coli

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4
Q

causes hemorrhagic inflammation of the colon in humans.

A

E. coli strain 0157:H7

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5
Q

Father of taxonomy

A

Linnaeus

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6
Q

system that is still used today to name all living things. Linnaeus developed the system of ? a two-name identification system for each living organism

A

Binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

first name designates the?

A

Genus (genera)

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8
Q

second name?

A

Specific epithet

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9
Q

Ent, intestinal; amoebae, shape and means of movement; histo, tissue; lytic, lysing, or digesting tissue

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

Named after Theodor Escherich in 1888; found in the colon

A

Escherichia coli

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11
Q

Hemo, blood; phil, love; named after Augusto Ducrey in 1889

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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12
Q

Named after Albert L. Neisser in 1879; causes gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

Saccharo, sugar; myco, mold; cerevisia, beer or ale

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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14
Q

Lacto, milk; kokkus, berry

A

Lactococcus lactis

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15
Q

Named after Kiyoshi Shiga in 1898; European Theater of Operations of the U.S. Army (final e gives proper Latin ending)

A

Shigella etousae

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16
Q

subgroup of a species within one or
more characteristics that distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species.

A

Strain

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17
Q

Bacterial species properties/defining a bacterial species

A

biochemical reactions, chemical composition, cellular structures, genetic characteristics, and immunological features

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18
Q

general patterns of cellular organization

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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19
Q

prokaryotes, including true bacteria and blue-green algae.

A

Monera

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20
Q

all eukaryotic algae, protozoa, and fungi.

A

Protoctista

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21
Q

all green plants.

A

Plantae

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22
Q

all animals derived from a zygote, a
cell formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.

A

Animalia

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23
Q

are unicellular; they lack true nuclei and generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
Reproduction: Binary fission

DNA has little or no protein associated with it

A

Monerans

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24
Q

blue-green algae.
photosynthetic,
typically unicellular organisms, although cells may sometimes be connected to form threadlike filaments.

A

Cyanobacteria

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25
Q

Cell type: Prokaryotic
Cell organization: Unicellular
Cell wall: Present in most
Nutrition: Absorption; photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
Reproduction: Asexual; binary fission

A

Monera

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26
Q

Cell type: Eukaryotic
Cell organization: Unicellular or occasionally Multi cellular
Cell wall: Present in some but absent
Nutrition: Ingestion; absorption, some photosynthetic
Reproduction: Asexual; but sometimes sexual

A

Protista

27
Q

Cell type: Eukaryotic
Cell organization: Unicellular or Multi cellular
Cell wall: Present
Nutrition: Absorption
Reproduction: Sexual and asexual but somtimes complex life cycle

A

Fungi

28
Q

Cell type: Eukaryotic
Cell organization: Multicellular
Cell wall: present
Nutrition: absorption photosynthetic
Reproduction: sexual and asexual

A

Plantae

29
Q

Cell type: Eukaryotic
Cell organization: multicellular
Cell wall: absent
Nutrition: ingestion some parasites absorption
Reproduction: Asexual

A

Animalia

30
Q

surviving today are primitive prokaryotes adapted to extreme environments.

A

Archaea

31
Q

surviving today are primitive prokaryotes adapted to extreme environments.

A

Archaea

32
Q

eukaryotic. Most are unicellular,but some are organized into colonies
- membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles within their cytoplasm

A

Protist

33
Q

includes mostly multi- cellular and some unicellular organisms. obtain nutrients solely by absorption of organic matter from dead organisms.

A

Fungi

34
Q

live on land and contain chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts. are of interest to microbiologists because some contain medicinal substances such as quinine, which has been used to treat microbial infections.

A

Plantae

35
Q

derived from zygotes (a cell formed by the union of two ga- metes, such as an egg and a sperm).

A

Animalia

36
Q

are fossilized photosynthetic prokaryotes that appear as masses of cells or microbial mats. Commonly found associated with lagoons or hot springs, they are still forming today. Because they are fossilized prokaryotes, they do not provide any evidence for phylogenetic, or evolu- tionary, relationships but can be used to determine the period during which they arose.

A

Stromatolites

37
Q

exhibit many differences from the Bacteria. One of the first variations to be noted was that of cell wall structure, and thus far a significant number of variations have been observed

A

Archaea

38
Q

are strictly anaerobic organisms, having been isolated from such divergent anaerobic environments as waterlogged soils, lake sediments, marshes, marine sediments, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including humans. As members of the anaerobic food chain, they degrade organic molecules to methane.

A

Methanogens

39
Q

in highly saline environments such as the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, salt evaporation ponds, and the surfaces of salt-preserved foods. are generally obligate aerobes.

A

Extreme halophiles

40
Q

occupy unique niches where bacteria are very rarely found, such as hot springs, geothermally heated marine sediments, and sub- marine hydrothermal vents. With optimum temperatures usually in excess of 80C, they may be either obligate
aerobes, facultative aerobes, or obligate anaerobes.

A

Extreme thermoacidophiles

41
Q

Cell type: prokaryotic
Typical size: 0.5 - 4 um
Cell wall: present; peptidoglycan
Lipids in membranes: fatty acids linked by ester bonds
Protein synthesis: First amino acid= methionine; impaired by antibiotics
such as chloramphenicol
Genetic material: Small circular chromosome and plasmids; histones absent
RNA polymerase: simple
Locomotion: Simple flagella, gliding, gas vesicles
Habitat: wide range of environments
Typical organisms: Enteric bacteria, cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria

42
Q

Cell type: prokaryotic
Typical size: 0.5 - 4 um
Cell wall: present; lack peptidoglycan
Lipids in membranes: Isoprenes present, linked by ester bonds
Protein synthesis: First amino acid= formylmethionine
Genetic material: Small circular chromosome and plasmids; histonelike proteins present
RNA polymerase: complex
Locomotion: Simple flagella, gliding, gas vesicles
Habitat: usually on extreme environments
Typical organisms: Methane-producing bacteria, halobacteria, extreme thermophiles

A

Archaea

43
Q

Cell type: Eukaryotic
Typical size: > 5um
Cell wall: Absent or made of other materials
Lipids in membranes: Fatty acids present, linked by ester bonds
Protein synthesis: First amino acid = methionine
Genetic material: Complex nucleus with more than one large, linear chromosome, histones present
RNA polymerase: complex
Locomotion: Complex flagella, cilia, legs, fins, wings
Habitat: wide range of environments
Typical organisms: Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals

A

Eukarya

44
Q

diagram that better rep-resents our current understanding of the early evolution of life

A

Shrub of life

45
Q

consists of a series of paired statements presented as either-or choices that describe characteristics of organisms. By selecting appropriate statements to progress through the key, one can classify organisms and, if the key is sufficiently detailed, identify them by genus and species.

A

dichotomous key

46
Q

as an important tool in identifying bacteria.

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology

47
Q

The kingdoms of the five-kingdom system are ?

A

Monera (Prokaryotae), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, andAnimalia.

48
Q

are photosynthetic monerans of great ecological importance.

A

Cyanobacteria

49
Q

are unicellular prokaryotes: They generally lack organelles, have no true nuclei, and their DNA has little or no protein associated with it.

A

Monera

50
Q

are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.

A

Protista

51
Q

include some unicellular and many multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients solely by absorption.

A

Fungi

52
Q

live on land and contain chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts.

A

Plantae

53
Q

are derived form zygotes ; most are macroscopic

A

Animalia

54
Q

are higher than the category of kingdom

A

Domain

55
Q

The concept of a Universal Common Ancestor with a linear tree of life has now been replaced by a ? with many roots, due to lateral gene transfer

A

shrub of life

56
Q

are unicellular prokaryotes and include the eubacteria

A

Bacteria

57
Q

are unicellular prokaryotes, having a cell wall made of materials other than peptidoglycan.

A

Archaea

58
Q

All are ? cells, having a true nucleus.

A

eukaryotic/eukaryotes

59
Q

acellular infectious agents that share only a few characteristics with living organisms, are not included in any of the five kingdoms. ? are classified by their nucleic acids, chemical composition, and morphology

A

Viruses

60
Q

organisms are compared on the basis of a large number of characteristics and grouped according to the percentage of shared characteristics.

A

numerical taxonomy

61
Q

is the similarity of DNA among different organisms, which provides a measure of their relatedness

A

Genetic homology

62
Q

Basesequences can be identified by

A

DNA Probes

63
Q

many species a particular strain is designated as the ? , which is preserved in a type culture collection.

A

type strain

Bio 120 (2 decks)

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