Lesson 9: Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Disease Flashcards
1
Q
The state of being unhealthy for a particular disease
or situation.
A
Morbidity – ILLNESS
2
Q
The number of deaths that occur in a population.
A
Mortality – DEATH
3
Q
Seven out of the top ten causes of death are NCDs.
NCDs have a huge part in the leading causes of death
A
CAUSES OF DEATH
TOP1: Ischaemic heart disease
TOP2: Neoplasm
TOP3: Cerebrovascular disease
TOP4: Pneumonia (CD)
TOP5: Diabetes Mellitus
TOP6: Hypertensive Disease
TOP7: Chronic Lower Respiratory Infections (CD)
TOP8: Respiratory Tuberculosis (CD)
TOP9: Other Heart Disease
TOP10: Genitourinaruy system
4
Q
Also known as Chronic Diseases (long duration)
■ Persist over a long duration and slow
progress
A
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
5
Q
[SELECT ALL THAT APPLY]
Result of a combination of several factors (WHO): NCD
1 Genetic factors
2 Physiological factors
3 Environmental factors
4 Behavioral factors
5 stress, mental health,
emotions
A
1,2,3,4,5
6
Q
These are lifestyle-related diseases.
A
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
7
Q
Leading cause of mortality (WHO) due to NCD
A
7/10 diseases are NCD’s except
TOP4: Pneumonia (CD)
TOP7: Chronic Lower Respiratory Infections (CD)
TOP8: Respiratory Tuberculosis (CD)
8
Q
Communicable = ________| Non-Communicable = _____
A
Infections; Chronic
9
Q
Result of unhealthy habits.
A
Lifestyle
10
Q
Behavioral and modifiable risk factors:
A
○ Smoking
○ Alcohol abuse
○ High fat, salt, and sugar intake
○ Physical inactivity
11
Q
● Genetics–non-modifiable in nature.
● Traits are passed from parent to child.
A
Hereditary
12
Q
● Where one lives or work (place-related)
● Nature of work or surroundings can increase an
individual’s likelihood of having an NCD.
● For Ex: High amounts of radiation can alter the
body’s physiological activity leading to diseases.
A
Environmental
13
Q
○ No longer engaging in exercises.
A
Physical Inactivity – Sedentary Lifestyle
14
Q
Alcohol and Tobacco impacts an individual’s
physical health, thus, increasing the chances of
NCDs.
A
Abuse of Substances
15
Q
Unhealthy eating is manifested in one’s health.
○ You are what you eat.
A
Unhealthy Diet
16
Q
A
16
Q
The process your body
uses to get or
make/convert energy
from the food you eat.
A
METABOLISM
17
Q
A collective term for a
group of syndromes that
disrupt the normal
metabolic processes in
the body.
A
METABOLIC DISORDER
18
Q
Production of enzymes
to aid in the digestion of
food.
Release of hormones
(insulin & glucagon) into
the bloodstream. These
hormones help control
blood sugar (glucose
levels).
A
PANCREAS
(LOCATION: LEFT)
19
Q
A hormone secreted by
the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
allows your body to use
sugar, carbohydrates in the food you eat for energy or
to store glucose for future
use.
keeps your blood
sugar level from getting
too high (hyperglycemia)
or too low (hypoglycemia)
A
INSULIN
20
Q
TOO LOW SUGRA LEVEL
A
(hypoglycemia)
21
Q
too high SUGAR LEVEL
A
(hyperglycemia)
22
Q
Group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in
carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism.
Increased viscosity of the blood that makes it difficult (due to hyperglycemia)
for the blood to flow; thus, increasing blood
pressure.
A
Diabetes Mellitus
23
Q
Resistance in utilizing the nutrients by the
cells, thus, causing ____causing it to
increase in the bloodstream.
A
STASIS (the slowing or pooling of blood,)
24
The pancreas does not produce insulin.
(TYPE 1 - INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS)
25
The body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces.
(TYPE 2 - NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS)
26
(DIABETIC) 126 mg/dl or higher
(NORMAL) 80-120 mg/dl
GLUCOSE RATE: as 8-hour fasting glucose level:
27
Helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body for use as energy.
Without insulin, blood sugar can't get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream.
Insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
28
INSULIN PATHWAY
Sugar Path: Bloodstream → Cells → Energy
28
○ Opposite of insulin
○ Increases levels of glucose in the bloodstream.
○ Produced when blood sugar levels are low.
Glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)
29
"impairment in the production of insulin"
An individual relies on the injection of insulin in order for the glucose to be utilized by the cells.
The pancreas doesn't produce insulin.
An autoimmune condition caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies.
(TYPE 1 - INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS)
30
Immune system attacks the islet of langerhans (cells) in the pancreas, leading to hyperglycemia.
No Insulin Production
31
32
Risk Factors OF TYPE1 IDDM (G, E, CT)
○ Genetic: Juvenile Onset: appears early in life.
○ Environment I.e., climate, latitude, UV e:xposures
○ May be acquired due to viruses and chemical toxins.
33
"insulin resistance of the body"
○ The pancreas makes less insulin than used to and
your body becomes resistant to insulin.
There is an impairment of the reception on the outside of cells so the cells do not recognize insulin.
The pancreas usually makes insulin, but
hyperglycemia either results from:
(TYPE 2 - NON- INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS)
34
Insufficient amount of
insulin-hyposecretion
Insulin Resistance
35
36
inability of cells to use
insulin hormone, which inhibits
the cell’s capability to absorb and
then use glucose in metabolic
processes.
Insulin Resistance
37
A dangerous and potentially fatal condition that happens when the blood flow to a large area of tissue is cut off.
often turns the affected
skin a greenish-black color. (JHM)
Gangrene
38
glucose thickens the blood, it
doesn’t reach some parts of the body,
which causes the breakdown of tissue.
Gangrene
39
○ Family History
○ Unhealthy Lifestyle
○ Specific Levels of Substances
○ History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
○ Previously identified to have Impaired Glucose Tolerance.
FACTORS OF TYPE 2NIDDM
40
■ Overweight
■ Sedentary lifestyle
■ Hypertension (HPN)
Unhealthy Lifestyle
41
■ HDL Cholesterol (good cholesterol)
● <35 mg/dl (0.90 mmol/L)
■ Triglyceride Level
● >250 mg/dl
Specific Levels of Substances
42
Delivery of a baby weighing 9lbs.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
43
Develops during pregnancy and is caused by pregnancy
hormones
Insulin is not working effectively
○ Usually goes away when the baby is born.
Gestational Diabetes (GD)
44
CONDITIONS OF Gestational Diabetes (GD)
Mother: High blood glucose levels.
Baby: The extra glucose goes to the baby, causing it to put on weight. (about 9 pounds)
45
Mother are advised to do a Diabetes Tests yearly to ensure the prevention of Type II DM
Increases the risk of Type II Diabetes for the Mother
46
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (PU, PD, PG, WL)
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight Loss
Other Signs and Symptoms
47
Excessive urination
■ Kidneys get overworked to filter out excess
glucose.
Polyuria
48
○ Excessive thirst
Polydipsia
49
○ Excessive hunger/appetite
■ Glucose isn’t converted into energy thus
the lack of energy causes an increase in
hunger
Polyphagia
50
Sudden, may be due to the improper utilization of
nutrients in the body.
○ Through extreme urination and removing energy.
Weight Loss
51
○ Excessive fatigue
○ slow healing, excess sleep, blurred vision, weight
gain
Other Signs and Symptoms
52
TYPES OF PROCESS IN SCREENING DIABETES MELLITUS (FBS, OGTT, RBS)
Fasting Blood Sugar Test (FBS Test) – 126 above
2-HOUR Blood Sugar Test (OGTT) – 200 above
Random Blood Sugar Test (RBS Test) – 200
above
53
■ Blood sample is obtained and its blood
glucose level is checked for
hyperglycemia.
■ There must be eight hours of fasting prior
to the test.
(FBS Test)
54
FBS:
Normal
Prediabetes
Diabetes
99 or below ____
100 to 125 ____
126 or above ___
55
■ Also known as Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test / Glucose Challenge Test
■ No food or drink 8 or 12 hours prior to the
test.
■ Glucose solution (that is sweet) is
introduced.
■ Then blood is tested two hours later.
2-HOUR Blood Sugar Test (OGTT) – 200 above
56
HOW MANY GLUCOSE SOLUTION DISSOLVED IN WATER?
75 grams of sugar is dissolved
in water.
57
OGTT:
Normal
Prediabetes
Diabetes
139 or below
140 to 199
200 or above
58
Also known as Casual Blood Glucose
Test
The usual, most available, and most widely
used form of screening.
■ An individual obtains blood sugar level
daily for monitoring purposes.
■ Taken usually before meals.
■ The blood sample is put on a test strip
which is then tested using a blood
glucose meter (glucometer).
Random Blood Sugar Test (RBS Test) – 200
above
59
GLUCOMETER IS WHAT?
RECORD AND TEST BLOOD SAMPLE
60
[T OR F] Fasting is expected for a more accurat result but is required.
FALSE; reccomended only
61
If blood sugar is high, the doctor will give
units of?
INSULIN
62
RBS TEST
200 or above
DIABETES
63
RISK FACTORS OF DM (L, EH, EHP, R, G, A)
● Lifestyle
● Eating Habits
● Existing Health Problems
● Race
● Genetics
● Age
64
PREVENTION & CONTROL OF DIABETES MELLITUS (BW, N, E, SC)
1. Maintain body weight and prevent obesity.
2. Encourage proper nutrition
3. Promote regular physical activity and exercise
4. Smoking cessation for active smokers and prevent exposure
to secondhand smoke.
65
● Group of diseases which focuses on the heart and its
implication on the circulation (blood vessels).
● Include:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
66
THE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE?
○ Hypertension
○ Coronary Artery Disease
○ Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke
67
● Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure.
○ Increased effort of the heart to pump blood to
suffice the need of the circulation.
A. Hypertension
68
deficiency in the supply of blood
A condition in which blood vessels have persistently raised
pressure arterial pressure elevation.
Hypertension
69
What identifies that a person is being hypertensive?
○ Systolic BP of ≥ 140 mmHg
○ Diastolic BP of ≥ 90 mmHg
Two weeks of elevated blood pressure.
70
DURING;
CONTRACTION
Wave of blood due to the contraction of the heart.
Systolic Pressure
71
IN BETWEEN;
RELAXATION
Pressure during relaxation of the heart.
Diastolic Pressure
72
TWO TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
1. Primary / Essential or
Idiopathic Hypertension
2. Secondary
Hypertension
73
Not the result of a medical condition.
● Develops gradually over time with
no identifiable cause.
● Most common type of Hypertension
1. Primary / Essential or
Idiopathic Hypertension
74
[SELECT THE WRONG] CAUSES OF PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
○ Stress
○ Obesity
○ Genetic Disorder
○ Heart Failure
○ Eyesight Disorder
○ Excessive Salt
○ Diabetes
DIABETES
75
Hypertension as a result of other diseases
Caused by other medical conditions
that affect the kidneys, arteries,
heart, or endocrine system.
2. Secondary
Hypertension
76
Causes OF Secondary
Hypertension (SA, ID, TD, P, RF, D)
○ Obstructive Sleep Apnea
○ Illegal Drugs
○ Thyroid Diseases
○ Pregnancy
○ Renal Failure
○ Diabetes
77
RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION
a. Family History
b. Age
c. High Salt Intake: disruption of sodium balance = fluid retention
d. Obesity: Blood vessels covered with fats / plaques /
cholesterol
e. Excessive Alcohol Intake
78
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION
● Hypertension headache
● Dizziness
● Vomiting
● Nausea
● Chest Pain
● Canfusion
● Anxiety
● Nosebleeds
● Buzzing in the ears
● Difficulty in breathing
● Abnormal heart rhythm
● Blurred vision or other vision changes.
79
PREVENTION OF HPN
1. Encourage proper nutrition
2. Prevent obesity or overweightness
3. Smoking cessation
● Causes vasoconstriction = higher blood pressure
4. Identify people with risk factors and encourage regular
check-ups for possible HPN and modification of risk factors.
● Encourage compliance to take the prescribed
medicine.
● Non-compliance (from complying before) may result
in uncontrollable hypertension.
● Antilipidemic and Antihypertensive medications are
usually prescribed together.
80
Heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow.
Coronary Arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to
the heart muscle are blocked (occlusion) or
narrowed (stenosis).
does not
receive enough supply of blood (oxygenation).
Coronary Artery Disease
81
Coronary Artery
○ Supplies blood to the heart
○ The largest artery in the body.
82
Coronary Artery Disease is also known as?
Ischemic Heart Disease.
83
- insufficient supply of the blood
to some parts of the body;
Ischemia
84
injury and death of a tissue; cause neurosis
Infarction
85
Blockage in the vessels that makes it
difficult for the blood to pass through.
Occlusion
86
Narrowing of the diameter of the blood
vessel, making it difficult for the blood to go through.
Stenosis
87
ETIOLOGY OF CAD
● Atherosclerosis
● ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
88
○ Buildup of plaque or hardened fat.
○ Usually occurs when there’s high levels of
cholesterol in the blood.
● Atherosclerosis
89
A general term describing
any narrowing (and loss of
elasticity) of medium or
large arteries.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
90
A narrowing of blood
vessels specifically due to
plaque.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
91
VLDL (Very Low Density
Lipoprotein)
Bad Cholesterol:
92
RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
MODIFIABLE
● Elevated Blood Lipids /
Cholesterol – Lipid Profile
● Hypertension (HPN)
● Smoking
NON-MODIFIABLE
● Hereditary – Family History
● Gender (More prevalence in
men)
● Increasing Age (Old Adults
around 50)
93
CAD (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE) WARNING SYMPTOMS
● Chest pain (Angina)
● Shortness of breath
● Arrhythmia
● Nausea and dizziness
● Palpitations
● Fatigue and weakness
94
PREVENTION OF CAD
1. Promote regular physical activity and exercise (in moderation;
not strenuous)
2. Encourage proper nutrition
3. Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
4. Smoking cessation: active & passive smoking
5. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and control of DM & HPN
95
TREATMENT/PROCEDURES CAD
● Atherectomy
● Stenting + Angiography
● Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
● Vasodilator Medications
96
○ procedure to remove plaque from artery
Atherectomy
97
○ a stent is used to widen the artery/blood vessel
Stenting + Angiography
98
An open heart surgery
Creates a new path for blood to flow around a blocked or partially blocked artery in the heart.
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
99
○ To dilate blood vessels
○ There are no medications to remove cholesterol in
the blood vessels.
Vasodilator Medications
100
(T OR F) There is a procedure to scrape cholesterol
FALSE
101
NORMAL BP FOR HYPERTENSION
110/70mmHg
102
A test used to check cholesterol in the blood
— LIPID PROFILE TEST
103
HYPERTENSION
< 120 / < 80
120 - 130 / 80 - 89
140 - 159 / 90 - 99
>= 160 / >= 100
NORMAL
PREDIABETES
HYPERTENSION 1
HYPERTENSION 2
104
■ Prior to testing, the client must have fasted
for at least 8 hours.
■ Drinking water is allowed
LIPID PROFILE TEST
105
(Elevated Cholesterol in the
Blood)
Hypercholesterolemia
106
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL
< 200
200 - 239
> 240
Normal repeat every 5 years
Elevated
(maybe at risk); repeat test then take
average of both tests
Elevated
(definitely at risk); further testing (lipid
profile and treatment)
107
Loss or alteration of bodily function that results from an
insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain
Cerebrovascular Disease/Accident (Stroke)
108
Causing disability, like speech disability,
etc.
STROKE
109
TYPES OF STROKE (TS, ES, HS)
Thrombotic Stroke
BLOCKED
Embolic Stroke
TRAVELLING
Hemorrhagic Stroke
RUPTURED
110
obstructing flow of circulation.
Thrombus–Formation
Thrombotic Stroke
111
The clot/fats is driven to different
parts of the body.
Embolus–Transportation
Embolic Stroke
TRAVELLING
112
When the traveling clot ends up stuck in tinier
vessels
Hemorrhagic Stroke
RUPTURED
113
CURE FOR THROMBUS AND EMBOLOUS
Thrombolytics - tinutunaw ang blood clod (ex. aspirin)
114
It occurs when there is a bleeding into or around the brain,
leading to damaged tissue and neurological dysfunction
Aneurysm: a part of cerebral hemorrhage
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
115
● Increasing Age
● Sex
● Heredity and Race
● HPN
● Smoking
● DM
● Excessive Alcohol Intake
● Drug Abuse
● High RBC (blood clots)
○ High circulating
blood volume
○ High BP
● Season & Climate
● Socioeconomic Factors
RISK FACTORS OF CVD
116
SIGNS OF STROKE IN MEN AND WOMEN
Numbness or weakness (house paresis)
Confusion or trouble with speaking or understanding speech
Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Trouble walking (gait), dizziness, BALNCE
Severe headache
117
PREVENTION OF CVD
● Treatment & Control of Hypertension
● Smoking Cessation
● Prevent thrombus formation in Rheumatic Heart Disease
● Limit alcohol consumption
● Avoid IV drug abuse and cocaine
● Watch out for Hemiparesis
118
A generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect
any part of the body.
There are 10 million deaths in 2020
uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells.
CANCER
119
■ usually solid
■ cystic, either benign or malignant
Tumors
120
non-solid tumor (i.e.,
leukemia)
Diffused tumor
121
Neo - new; plasms - growth
● That does not resemble the
parent cell.
Neoplasms
122
Cancer cells grip the nearby cells causing them to
perform abnormal functions inside the body.
Invasion
123
Cancer cells grip the nearby cells causing them to
perform abnormal functions inside the body.
Invasion
124
Once they convert nearby cells into performing
abnormal functions, they continue to affect the
nearby cells causing them to be abnormal as well.
Metastasis
125
