Lesson 9

Question 1

Define neoplasm

Answer 1

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

Question 2

Define malignant neoplasms

Answer 2

an abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

Question 3

Explain neoplasia

Answer 3

• A disorder of cell growth, triggered by a series of mutations (germline, acquired/somatic) affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
• The causative mutations give the neoplastic cells a survival and growth advantage
• The result is excessive and autonomous proliferation (independent of physiological growth signals)

Question 4

Define tumours

Answer 4

Clinically detectable lump or swelling. A neoplasm is just one type of tumour

Question 5

Define cancer

Answer 5

Malignant neoplasm

Question 6

Define metastasis

Answer 6

malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site. The original location is the primary site and the place to which it has spread is a secondary site.

Question 7

Define dysplasia

Answer 7

pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation. It is not neoplastic because the change is reversible.

Question 8

Name some benign epithelial neoplasms

Answer 8

Stratified squamous: squamous papilloma
Transitional: transitional cell cell papilloma – e.g. Bladder mucosa
Glandular: adenoma – e.g. adenomatous polyp of the colon
Prefix may describe the growth pattern e.g. cystadenoma, papillary TCC, villous or tubular adenoma

Question 9

Name malignant epithelial neoplasms (carcinomas)

Answer 9

• Stratified squamous epithelium (eg.Skin, mouth, cervix) = Squamous cell carcinoma
• Glandular Epithelium (eg. Stomach, colon, lung, prostate, breast, kidney, pancreas) = Adenocarcinoma
• Transitional epithelium (eg.Bladder,ureter,renal, pelvis) = Transitional cell Carcinoma or Urothelial Carcinoma
• Others: e.g. basal cell carcinoma

Question 10

What are the names of benign neoplasms of connective tissue?

Answer 10

• Fibrous tissue – fibroma
• Smooth muscle – leiomyoma
• Striated (skeletal) muscle – rhabdomyoma
• Bone – osteoma
• Cartilage – chondroma
• Fat - lipoma
• Nerve/nerve sheath – neuroma, neurofibroma
• Glial cells - glioma

Question 11

Name malignant neoplasms of connective tissue (sarcomas)

Answer 11

• Fibrosarcoma - fibrous tissue
• Leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle
• Rhabdomyosarcoma - skeletal muscle
• Osteosarcoma - bone
• Chondrosarcoma - cartilage
• Liposarcoma - fat
• Neurofibrosarcoma - nerve sheath

Question 12

Name neoplasms of lymphoid tissue

Answer 12

Lymphoid = lymphoma (B and T-cell)
Occurs in lymphoid tissue, usually in lymph nodes, but also extranodal (e.g. skin, salivary gland, GI Tract)
Hodgkins Lymphoma & Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Haemopoietic = acute and chronic leukaemias,