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SURVEYING FINALS > LESSON 8: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING > Flashcards

LESSON 8: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING Flashcards

1
Q

It can be defined as the shape, configuration, roughness or three-dimensional quality of Earth’s surface

A

Topography

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2
Q

These are made to show this information, together with the location of artificial and natural features of the Earth, including buildings, highways, streams, lakes, forests and so on.

A

Topographic maps

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3
Q

They provide definite and precise information regarding elevation.

A

Spot heights

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4
Q

These are heights of places surveyed and they denote the actual height above mean sea level. They are shown in maps as dots with their respective values written beside it.

A

Spot heights

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5
Q

The elevation of important features and critical points such as road junctions, peaks, summit, sags, and highway crossings are indicated on the map.

A

Spot Heights or Spot Elevations

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6
Q

______ are series of short lines drawn in the direction of the slope.

A

Hachures

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7
Q

In Hachures: For _____ slope, the lines are heavy and closely spaced; and for _____ slope, they are fine and widely spaced.

A

steep, gentle

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8
Q

They only give a general impression of the configuration of the ground, but they do not provide numerical values such as the actual elevations of the ground surface.

A

Hachures

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9
Q

These are drawn when not enough vertical control is available or when the surface is too irregular or intricate contour.

A

Form lines

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10
Q

These are usually represented as dashed lines and do not portray any actual elevations.

A

Form lines

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11
Q

They are only used to show the shapes of terrain rather than relief.

A

Form lines

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12
Q

This is the most widely used method of quantitatively representing hills, mountains, depressions, and ground surface undulations on a two-dimensional sheet of paper.

A

Contour Lines or Isohypses

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13
Q

_____ are shown on maps as the traces of level surfaces of different elevations.

A

Contours

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14
Q

A topographic map containing contour lines shows not only the elevations of points on the ground, but also the _____ of the various topographic features

A

shape

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15
Q

It is common use for aerial navigation charts and on small scale maps of the world.

A

Layer Tinting System

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16
Q

In Layer Tinting System, ______ when used in conjunction with contour lines gives pictorial effect by accentuating the areas of different elevations.

A

Color tints

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17
Q

It is an old method use to show relative elevations on maps.

A

Shading

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18
Q

It is dependent upon shadow cast by the elevated portions of the land.

A

Shading

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19
Q

This method is accomplished by correct placement on the map of different shades of gray tints.

A

Shading

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20
Q

Provide the most striking and realistic expression of topography. The model is a representation of the terrain done in three dimensions to suitable horizontal and vertical scales.

A

Relief or Terrain Models

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21
Q

They are made from wax, clay plastic, cardboard, or other materials and shaped to agree with the actual terrain. It is widely used as teaching aids in geography and geology courses and also used in public exhibits.

A

Relief or Terrain Models

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22
Q

It is a universal method to show the relief.

A

Contour

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23
Q

The unit of measurement of contour is generally _____ above the mean sea level.

A

metres

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24
Q

Generally contours never _____ each other. In case of water fall and cliffs contours almost touch a same point or a line. In overhanging cliff the contours cut each other.

A

cut or cross

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25
Q

the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.

A

Contour interval

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26
Q

A line connecting points of equal elevation. It may be marked with its elevation in feet above sea level.

A

Contour line

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27
Q

The vertical distance of a point above a reference plane. On a topographic map, the plane is usually mean sea level.

A

Elevation

27
Q

The distance in elevation between the top of an object (a hill, tower, etc.) and its base.

A

Height

28
Q

The difference in elevation between the highest point and the lowest in an area, or as shown on a topographic map.

A

Relief

29
Q

A map showing the shape of the land surface. Commonly it also depicts forests, grasslands, and cultural features like communities, highways, and railroads.

A

Topographic map

30
Q

The set of physical features - mountains, hills, valleys, and other landforms- that characterizes a landscape.

A

Topography

31
Q

A point or small area of high ground. When you are on a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions.

A

Hill

32
Q

A line of high ground with height variations along its crest. The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the ridge.

A

Ridge

33
Q

Reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground. A ____ may or may not contain a stream course.

A

valley

34
Q

A dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. It is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may be a break along an otherwise level ridge crest. Every point on the same contour line has the same elevation.

A

Saddle

35
Q

A low point or hole in the ground, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.

A

Depression

36
Q

Similar to a valley, except that it normally is a less developed stream course in which there is generally no level ground and, therefore, little or no maneuver room. The ground slopes upward on each side and toward the head of the draw.

A

Draw

37
Q

_____ are caused by flash floods and can be found on flat terrain but are more often found along the sides of ridges. Contour lines indicating a draw are shaped like a “V” with the point of the “V” toward the head of the draw (high ground).

A

Draws

38
Q

A usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. Often formed by two thoroughly parallel streams cutting draws down the side of a ridge

A

Spur

39
Q

A vertical or near-vertical slope. May be shown on a map by contour lines being close together, touching, or by a ticked “carrying” contour line. The ticks always point toward lower ground.

A

Cliff

40
Q

They are usually drawn every 5th contour and carry the contour number or elevation designation.

A

Index Contour lines

41
Q

The four lighter weight contours found between the index contour.

A

Intermediate Contours

42
Q

Contours drawn to show low spots as excavations around which contour close.

A

Depression Contours

43
Q

They are drawn as dashed lines or lines that begin and end when they approach the areas where the regular contours close in on each other.

A

Supplementary/ Auxillary Contours

44
Q

In some instance, contour accuracy cannot be definitely determined. What type of contour is applicable in this instance?

A

Approximate Contours

45
Q

Every point on the same contour line has the same ______

A

elevation.

46
Q

Every contour closes on itself, either ____ or _____ the limits of the map.

A

within or beyond

47
Q

A contour which closes within the limits of the map indicates a ___ or _____. Contours which increase in elevation represent hills; those which decrease in elevation portray valleys or excavations.

A

summit or a depression

48
Q

Contours on the ground cannot cross one another except where an ______cliff, a vertical ledge or wall is represented on the map.

A

overhanging

49
Q

Contours are spaced evenly on a _____ slope.

A

uniform

50
Q

Contours are straight and _____to each other on a plane surface.

A

parallel

51
Q

_____ contours signify rough, rugged terrain.

A

Irregular

52
Q

The horizontal distance between adjacent contours indicates the _____ of the slope of the ground.

A

steepness

53
Q

Contours cross curbs and crowned sloping streets in typical __-shaped curves.

A

U

54
Q

Contour lines form a V pattern when crossing streams. The apex of the V always points ______ (uphill).

A

upstream

55
Q

The time and expense of field and office work is given important consideration. The smaller the interval, the greater is the amount of field work, reduction, and plotting required in the preparation of the map. The cost of the map will be higher as the contour interval is reduced.

A

RELATIVE COST

56
Q

Close contouring will be required when the map is to be utilized for the detailed design of engineering construction or for the measurement of earthwork quantities. A wider interval will be required for surveys of reservoirs, drainage areas, and lines of communication.

A

PURPOSE OF THE MAP

57
Q

Rugged terrain will require a larger interval than gentle and rolling country. To portray adequately flat ground a relatively small interval must be specified.

A

NATURE OF THE TERRAIN

58
Q

The contour interval should be in inverse ratio of the scale of the map. If the map is reduced, the interval must be increased; otherwise line are crowded, confuse the map user, and may possibly obscure some important map details.

A

SCALE OF THE MAP

59
Q

A ____ is a representation of the earth’s surface and most of its features such as roads, buildings, vegetation, etc.

A

map

60
Q

To identify these features on a map, they are represented by ___ and ____

A

symbols and colors.

61
Q

A ______ _______ is a cross-sectional view along a line drawn through a portion of a topographic map. One can think of a profile as a slice through a portion of the terrain (as you were slicing a cake and looking at the vertical face the slice).

A

topographic profile

62
Q

Contour Interval for flat to gentle rolling

A

1-5 meters

63
Q

Contour Interval for flat to hilly terrains

A

5-20 meters

64
Q

Contour Interval for mountains

A

25-100 meters

SURVEYING FINALS (3 decks)

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