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BSC2085 > Lesson 8 > Flashcards

Lesson 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system include?

A

206 bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective tissues

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2
Q

five primary functions of skeet’s system

A
  1. support
  2. storage of minerals and lipids
  3. blood cell production
  4. protection
  5. leverage(force of motion)
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3
Q

what are bones classified by

A

shape, bone markings, internal tissue organization

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4
Q

what are the 6 bone shapes

A
  1. sutural
  2. irregular
  3. short
  4. long
  5. flat
  6. sesamoid
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5
Q

what bones are small, irregular, and found between the flat bones of the skull?

A

sutural bones

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6
Q

what are examples of irregular bones with complex shapes?

A

spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, some skull bones

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7
Q

what are examples of short bones that are small and thick?

A

ankle and wrist bones(tarsals)

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8
Q

what are examples of flat bones with thins and parallel surfaces?

A

roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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9
Q

what are examples of long bones that are long and thin?

A

arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes

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10
Q

what are examples of sesamoid bones that are small and flat and shaped like sesame seeds?

A

develop in tendons near joints of knees, hands, feet

patella(kneecap)

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11
Q

what bones account for disparities in total number of bones?

A

sutural and sesamoid

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12
Q

what are these bone markings for: depressions, groves, tunnels along the surface

A

blood and nerves lie alongside and penetrate into bones

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13
Q

what are these bone markings for: elevations or projections?

A

tendons and ligaments attach, articulations with other bones occur

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14
Q

what is the structure of a long bone?

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

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15
Q

what is the tubular shaft of the bone that consists of compact bone and a medullary cavity?

A

diaphysis

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16
Q

what are the wide ends of long bones that consist of spongy bone covered with compact bone?

A

epiphysis

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17
Q

where do the epiphysis and diaphysis meet on long bones?

A

metaphysis

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18
Q

Which bone resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone?

A

flat bone

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19
Q

in the cranium, what is the layer of spongy bone between the compact bone?

A

diploë

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20
Q

This bone contains red bone marrow in spongy bone, but had no medullary cavity unlike long bones

A

flat bone

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21
Q

what is bone(osseous) tissue?

A

dense, supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells and produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits called collagen fibers

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22
Q

BONE TISSUE: had a dense matrix containing?

A

deposits of calcium salts, osteocytes within lucunae

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23
Q

BONE TISSUE: what are osteocytes organized around blood vessels and connected to other osteocytes by?

A

gap junctions

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24
Q

BONE TISSUE: what are canaliculi?

A

small canals that connect lacunae to each other and to blood vessels of the central canal

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25
Q

BONE TISSUE: what doues canaliculi do?

A

forms pathways for blood vessels for exchange of nutrients and waste

26
Q

BONE TISSUE: what is the periosteum?

A

it covers the outer surfaces of bones

27
Q

what does the periosteum consist of?

A

outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

28
Q

what is bone matrix composed of?

A

minerals (2/3 calcium phosphate) and matrix proteins (1/3 protein fibers like collagen)

29
Q

calcium phosphate reacts with calcium hydroxide in bone matrix to form

A

hydroxyapatite

30
Q

what allows bones to be strong but still flexible?

A

bone matrix of calcium crystals

31
Q

what are the four types of bone cells?

A
  1. osteoprogenitor
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
32
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells and where are they located?

A

mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

located in the endosteum: lines the medullary cavity and passageway for blood vessels in matrix

33
Q

which cell type is important in fracture repair?

A

osteoprogenitor

34
Q

what are immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds(osteogenesis)?

A

osteoblasts

35
Q

what is a matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified by calcium salts to form bone?

A

osteoid

36
Q

when osteoblasts are surrounded by bone what do they become?

A

osteocytes

37
Q

what are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix?

A

osteocytes

38
Q

where do osteocytes live?

A

in lucunae between layers(lumallae) of matrix

39
Q

how do osteocytes connect?

A

by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae

40
Q

what are two major functions of osteocytes?

A
  1. maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

2. help repair damaged bone

41
Q

what are giant, multinucleate(50 or more nuclei) cells that derive from stem cells that produce macrophages?

A

osteoclasts

42
Q

do osteoclasts develop from osteoprogenitor cells?

A

no

43
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes

44
Q

what happens during homeostasis of bone tissue?

A

bone building by osteoblasts and bone recycling by osteoclasts mist balance

if there’s more breakdown than building, bones become weak

45
Q

true or false: exercise causes osteoclasts to build bone faster than osteoblasts can break down bone

A

false

46
Q

true or false: exercise causes osteoblasts to build bone faster than osteoclasts can break down bone

A

trueee

47
Q

COMPACT BONE: what is the basic unit of mature compact bone?

A

osteon

48
Q

COMPACT BONE: what are arranged in concentric lamallae around a central canal containing blood vessels

A

osteocytes

49
Q

COMPACT BONE: what are perforating canals?

A

perpendicular to the central canal, carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

50
Q

COMPACT BONE: what type of lamellae wraps around the long bone, encircling multiple osteons,

A

circumferential lamellae

51
Q

SPONGY BONE: the matrix forms an open network of-

A

trabeculae- bone fiber bundles

52
Q

SPONGY BONE: the space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow, which does what?

A

supplies nutrients to osteocytes and forms red blood cells, it has blood vessels

53
Q

SPONGY BONE: where is yellow bone marrow found and why is it yellow?

A

found in the medullary cavity and in spongy bone of some bones like the femur

yellow because it stores fat(adipose tissue)

54
Q

compact bone is covered with a membrane with what on the outside?

A

periosteum

55
Q

what is periosteum made up of?

A

outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

56
Q

what to perforating fibers do?

A

connects with collagen bone fibers and joint capsules to strengthen tendon and ligament attachment to bone

57
Q

what are the three functions of periosteum?

A
  1. isolates bone from surrounding tissue
  2. provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
  3. participated in bone growth and repair
58
Q

compact bone is covered with a membrane with what on the inside?

A

endosteum

59
Q

where is the endosteum found?

A

lines the medullary cavity, lines central canals

covers trabeculae in spongy bone

60
Q

which cell types does the endosteum contain?

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells

BSC2085 (3 decks)

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