Lesson 7 Flashcards
In the American 19th century, the view of mountains and wilderness became not only a place of religious redemption, but also a place of… ?
National renewal
Which mountain is most commonly used in Greek mythology and literature?
Mount Olympus
What was the world’s first national park?
Yellow Stone National Park in the U.S.
What was Canada’s first National Park?
Rocky Mountain/Banff National Park
Which writers contributed to the trans-Atlantic Romantic Movement and specifically the Doctrine of Sublime?
John Muir
William Wordsworth
Marry Shelly
What was the general attitude that Romans held towards mountains?
Mountains were primarily viewed as obstacles to overcome and conquest.
Which mountain (for Hindus) is the home of Lord Shiva? What act mustn’t be done on this mountain?
Mount Kailash. To climb this mountain is sac-religious, instead people climb around the base (circumambulation).
What two ideas transformed mountains from sites wild desolation to sites of wild splendor in the late 18th adn 19 centuries?
1 - The Myth of the Frontier
2 - The Sublime
How far back does the radiocarbon dating of bones, shells and artifacts (signifying human presence) in the American mountains date?
11000 years
What mountain sport is the most literary?
Mountaineering
Who was the first person to redefine the human view on mountains in the European alps?
Albert Mummary
What three types of discourse influences the literature composed by people who travelled in mountains?
1 - Science
2 - Romanticism
3 - Athleticism (is now the dominant discourse)
When George Leigh Mallory was asked why he wanted to climb Mt. Everest, what was his response?
Because it’s there.
How many people have died climbing on Mount Everest?
Over 300 people
What major theories drove the study of motivation during the Pre-cognitive revolution?
1 - Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
2 - Drive Theory
3 - Operant Conditioning
What major theories aimed to explain human motivation Post-cognitive revolution?
1 - Social Learning Theory
2 - Attribution theory
3 - Achievement Motivation
What is the theory of operant conditioning in terms of motivation?
People only do things to gain an award or avoid a punishment.
What intrinsic motivation theories prevailed during the Post cognitive revolution?
1 - Effectance motivation
2 - Personal Causation (more motivation with more autonomy and less external control)
3 - Self-Determination Theory
4 - Flow theory (optimal balance between ability and challenge)
all are based on the fact that people don’t get rewards for what they do
What is Flow?
The optimal balance between ability and challenge - an intrinsic motivation.
What is at the top of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
self-actualization (morality, creativity, spontaneity and acceptance)
How did people in Europe, during the Middle Ages view mountains versus earlier Europeans such as the Greeks/Celts versus the Romans?
People in Europe during the Middle Ages Shunned mountains. The ancient Greeks revered mountains as divine palaces (the abodes of gods), and the ancient Romans viewed mountains as obstacles to converse and conquest.
How did people view mountains in early Asia?
Mountains were always seen as sacred and greatly adored in Japan, China, India and Tibet.
How many years before the birth of Christ were mountains considered sacred in China?
2000 years before
True or False: the great ranges of china were often represented as a dragon and seen with negative connotation.
False - the great ranges of china, were in fact often represented as dragons, however, dragons didn’t have a negative connotation. Instead they were seen as benevolent creatures, controlling the elements and guarding sources of wisdom.
In what century did the view of mountains in china change from being seen as places of dangerous, supernatural power to destinations for leisure purposes?
4th century A.D.
Define circumambulation.
He act of walking around a sacred object or idol. - sacred part of Buddhist religious practice.
Which mountains in Nepal are deemed off limits because they are sacred?
Kangchenjunga and Machapuchare
In the Middle East, archeological sites indicate the presence of humans as far back as _______ years ago.
100 000 years ago
What is the Tibetan name for Mt. Everest?
Chomolungma (meaning mother godess)
What is the Nepalese name for Mt. Everest?
Sagarmatha (meaning forehead in the sky)
Where can the most spectacular display of human settlement be found in the world? Which people lived there? At what elevation is this settlement?
Machu Picchu, can be found high in the Peruvian Andes. It is at 4500 meters elevation and used to be home to the Inca people.
What was meant by the term ‘wilderness’ by people in living in the Americas during the 1700’s?
Deserted, desolate, savage, barren - definitely negative.
What two main ideas changed how westerners thought about wild landscapes?
1 - The doctrine of Sublime
2 - The Myth of the Frontier
Describe the Doctrine of Sublime? Who first articulated this concept?
The Doctrine of sublime is an aesthetic concept, first articulated by Edmond Burke in the mid-18th century, which referred to the thrill of confronting untamed nature. It was typically given to vast natural spaces, making humans feel insignificant and reminding them of their immortality. An example of these areas are Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite and Banff.
What sort of experiences did sublime spaces evoke?
To enter the sublime was to have a religious experience, but one with a wrathful god.
True or false - Fankenstein was written, inspired by visits to the French alps and the glaciers of Chamonix.
True - as well as other ghost stories.
How did settlements and railways change the character of wilderness areas throughout North America?
Wild spaces were becoming increasingly seen as tame. The supernatural presence endured, but it was no longer a wrathful god. It was instead a pleasing presence.
Describe the myth of the frontier, and how it helped transform the America’s from wild places into sacred icons.
The myth of the frontier was the idea that the best antidote to the ills of the modern world was the return to a simpler, more primitive living, found in the wild. In the unsettled lands of the west, easterners could rediscover their primitive energies and independence. This reinvented direct, democratic institutions and was seen as a source for American Democracy and National renewal.
There is a nostalgia for a simpler past built into the Frontier myth, which also led to the first conservation movement.
What culture became prevalent in mountain landscapes during the turn of the 19th century?
A bathing culture which would tour from cities into mountain landscapes to experience the healthy/therapeutic effects.
Where is the birthplace of Canada’s national parks system?
The Basin Hotsprings in Banff.
What was the earliest institutionalized mountain sport?
Mountaineering
Where was mountaineering first promoted?
By The Alpine Club, formed in London.
How many member were in the Austro-German Alpine Club by the 1880’s?
18 thousand members.
Why is mountaineering the most literary of all sports?
Mountaineering/climbing is engaged by scientists, romantics and increasingly by athletes. For athletes, mountaineering is a sport that cannot be witnessed, and so they he’d to be able to write in order to gain an audience.
What is the second longest continuing, running periodical?
The Canadian Alpine Journal (1907).
How many Americans go mountaineering annually?
10 million
How many Americans go hiking annually?
50 million
How do mountains gain emotional properties?
Any emotional properties mountains possess, are vested in them by human imagination.
