Lesson 7

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 2

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins.

Question 3

What are the roles of proteins?

Answer 3

Proteins function in transport, structure, enzymes, and protection.

Question 4

What is the central dogma of genetics?

Answer 4

The central dogma is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 5

What happens in transcription?

Answer 5

In transcription, DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

Question 6

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 6

Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

Question 7

What is mRNA?

Answer 7

mRNA is a messenger RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome.

Question 8

Where does translation occur?

Answer 8

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

Question 9

What is tRNA?

Answer 9

tRNA is transfer RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Question 10

What is the role of ribosomes?

Answer 10

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis where mRNA is translated into amino acid chains.

Question 11

Define codon.

Answer 11

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Question 12

What is the start codon?

Answer 12

The start codon is AUG, which codes for methionine.

Question 13

What are stop codons?

Answer 13

Stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA, signaling the end of translation.

Question 14

What is translation?

Answer 14

Translation is the process by which mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain of amino acids.

Question 15

What is the role of amino acids in proteins?

Answer 15

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and determine the structure and function of the protein.

Question 16

What are mutations?

Answer 16

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect protein synthesis.

Question 17

Explain the wobble hypothesis.

Answer 17

The wobble hypothesis suggests that the third base of a codon can be flexible, allowing multiple codons to code for the same amino acid.

Question 18

What is a ribosome made of?

Answer 18

A ribosome is made of rRNA and proteins, and has three sites: A-site, P-site, and E-site.

Question 19

Explain the process of denaturation in protein synthesis.

Answer 19

Denaturation is the process where the protein structure is altered, usually due to heat or chemicals, causing it to lose function.

Question 20

How does a mutation affect protein synthesis?

Answer 20

A mutation can change the amino acid sequence, leading to a non-functional or malfunctioning protein.

Question 21

What is the role of the spliceosome?

Answer 21

The spliceosome removes introns (non-coding regions) from mRNA before it is translated.

Question 22

How do stop codons work in translation?

Answer 22

Stop codons signal the end of the translation process, causing the ribosome to release the synthesized protein.

Question 23

Explain the importance of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail in mRNA processing.

Answer 23

The 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail protect the mRNA from degradation and assist in its export from the nucleus.

Question 24

How does translation differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 24

In prokaryotes, translation occurs simultaneously with transcription, whereas in eukaryotes, transcription happens in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 25

How does the ribosome move along mRNA during translation?

Answer 25

The ribosome moves along the mRNA from 5’ to 3’, reading the codons and forming peptide bonds between amino acids.