Lesson 6 - Plant Taxonomy

Question 1

The modern scientific study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Answer 1

Systematics

Question 2

The naming and classifying of species (from the Greek word taktos, which means “ ordered” and onoma which means “name”)

Answer 2

Taxonomy

Question 3

A chinese scholar, physician, and pharmacologist during the Ming dynasty (1368-

Answer 3

Li Shizhen (1518-1593)

Question 4

He categorized more than five hundred plants on the basis of growth habit, identifying them as herbs. shrubs, or trees.

Answer 4

Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)

Question 5

He compiled a notable guide that contain more than 12,000 prescriptions using 1,074 plant substances

Answer 5

Li Shizhen (1518-1593)

Question 6

Believed there were fixed types of plants and animals that could be defined based on form and function

Answer 6

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Question 7

He classified herbs into 16 categories and 62 subcategories

Answer 7

Li Shizhen (1518-1593)

Question 8

He wrote De Materia Medica, which was used as a reference on medicinal plants well into the 1600s

Answer 8

Dioscorides (A.D. 40-90)

Question 9

-muslim scholar.
-the canon of
medicine, contains information about useful plants. Greek and Muslim knowledge.
strongly influenced European medicine for centuries.

Answer 9

Ibn Sina (A.D. 980-1037)

Question 10

-muslim scholar.
-the canon of
medicine, contains information about useful plants. Greek and Muslim knowledge.
strongly influenced European medicine for centuries.

Answer 10

Ibn Sina (A.D. 980-1037)

Question 11

English naturalist. The most notable European taxonomist of the time. Established the species as the basis for classifying organisms.

Answer 11

John Ray (1627-1705)

Question 12

He used as many characters as possible when classifying, resulting in more natural groupings.

Answer 12

Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777)

Question 13

Swedish professor of botany and medicine who is better known as Carolus Linnaeus (his latinized name).

Answer 13

Carl von Linne （1707-1778）

Question 14

Are often classified by reproductive structures such as seeds, cones, flowers, and fruits.

Answer 14

Plants

Question 15

Can be another clue as the major division of flowering plants into monocots and dicots is based on whether the embryo has one or two cotyledons. The embryo shape. whether it is curved or straight. may be used in classification as well.

Answer 15

Embryo Development

Question 16

Can provide strong evidence that physical similarities were inherited from a common ancestor.

Answer 16

Molecular Data

Question 17

Branching diagrams intended to show evolutionary relationships over time. The first phylogenetic trees mainly reflected what was known about the life cycles and basic structure of organisms.

Answer 17

Phylogenetic trees

Question 18

Evaluating whether two organisms are related by evolution can indeed be difficult.
If two plants have a certain similarity, they may have inherited the trait from the same ancestor.
Similar in form and
genetics.

Answer 18

Homology

Question 19

A similarity in structure or function between two species that are not closely related. A similarity in structure or function between two species that are not closely related. Similar in function An analogy is the result of convergent evolution.

Answer 19

Analogy

Question 20

are branching diagrams that show evolutionary relationships.

Answer 20

Cladograms

Question 21

a branch of a cladogram that consists a of an ancestor and all its descendents, all of whom share one or more characters that make them unique as an evolutionary branch.

Answer 21

Clade

Question 22

is by definition monophyletic. meaning that it is a “single tribe” of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor

Answer 22

Clade

Question 23

can be constructed in order to identify to proposed evolutionary relationships between taxa at any level of the classification hierarchy

Answer 23

Cladogram

Question 24

states that the simplest cladogram is probably correct. Recall that each branch point represents the loss or gain of a character, which may have been caused by one or more evolutionary events. The simplest cladogram represents the path with the fewest evolutionary changes.

Answer 24

Parsimony

Question 25

was a philosopher who believe that the simplest explanation for an event.

Answer 25

William of Occam (1280-1349)

Question 26

was a philosopher who believe that the simplest explanation for an event.

Answer 26

William of Occam (1280-1349)

Question 27

They suggested a new kingdom Protoctista that would include fungi, bacteria, single-celled algae, and many other single-celled organisms.
(2)

Answer 27

John Hogg and Ernst Haeckel (1860s)

Question 28

He proposed a five-kingdom system that became widely accepted. It consisted of the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi. Plantae, Protista, and Monera.

Answer 28

Robert Whittaker of Cornell University

Question 29

From the Greek word “archaios”
which means ancient it is a domain of
prokaryotic cells that lack a nuclear membrane and have a distinct biochemistry. Archaea are considered the oldest species on Earth and can survive in harsh environments.

Answer 29

Domain Archaea

Question 30

A domain of eukaryotic organisms, which are characterized by cells with a well-defined membrane containing a nucleus and other organelles. Includes the kingdoms protista, animalia. fungi and plantae.

Answer 30

Domain Eukarya

Question 31

A domain of prokaryotes that includes bacteria that cause illness. Before the three-domain system, bacteria belonged to the kingdom Monera, which included all prokaryotes.

Answer 31

Domain Bacteria

Question 32

The father of modern taxonomy

Answer 32

Carl von Linne