Lesson 6 - Plant Taxonomy Flashcards
The modern scientific study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Systematics
The naming and classifying of species (from the Greek word taktos, which means “ ordered” and onoma which means “name”)
Taxonomy
A chinese scholar, physician, and pharmacologist during the Ming dynasty (1368-
Li Shizhen (1518-1593)
He categorized more than five hundred plants on the basis of growth habit, identifying them as herbs. shrubs, or trees.
Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)
He compiled a notable guide that contain more than 12,000 prescriptions using 1,074 plant substances
Li Shizhen (1518-1593)
Believed there were fixed types of plants and animals that could be defined based on form and function
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
He classified herbs into 16 categories and 62 subcategories
Li Shizhen (1518-1593)
He wrote De Materia Medica, which was used as a reference on medicinal plants well into the 1600s
Dioscorides (A.D. 40-90)
-muslim scholar.
-the canon of
medicine, contains information about useful plants. Greek and Muslim knowledge.
strongly influenced European medicine for centuries.
Ibn Sina (A.D. 980-1037)
-muslim scholar.
-the canon of
medicine, contains information about useful plants. Greek and Muslim knowledge.
strongly influenced European medicine for centuries.
Ibn Sina (A.D. 980-1037)
English naturalist. The most notable European taxonomist of the time. Established the species as the basis for classifying organisms.
John Ray (1627-1705)
He used as many characters as possible when classifying, resulting in more natural groupings.
Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777)
Swedish professor of botany and medicine who is better known as Carolus Linnaeus (his latinized name).
Carl von Linne （1707-1778）
Are often classified by reproductive structures such as seeds, cones, flowers, and fruits.
Plants
Can be another clue as the major division of flowering plants into monocots and dicots is based on whether the embryo has one or two cotyledons. The embryo shape. whether it is curved or straight. may be used in classification as well.
Embryo Development
Can provide strong evidence that physical similarities were inherited from a common ancestor.
Molecular Data
Branching diagrams intended to show evolutionary relationships over time. The first phylogenetic trees mainly reflected what was known about the life cycles and basic structure of organisms.
Phylogenetic trees
Evaluating whether two organisms are related by evolution can indeed be difficult.
If two plants have a certain similarity, they may have inherited the trait from the same ancestor.
Similar in form and
genetics.
Homology
A similarity in structure or function between two species that are not closely related. A similarity in structure or function between two species that are not closely related. Similar in function An analogy is the result of convergent evolution.
Analogy
are branching diagrams that show evolutionary relationships.
Cladograms
a branch of a cladogram that consists a of an ancestor and all its descendents, all of whom share one or more characters that make them unique as an evolutionary branch.
Clade
is by definition monophyletic. meaning that it is a “single tribe” of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
Clade
can be constructed in order to identify to proposed evolutionary relationships between taxa at any level of the classification hierarchy
Cladogram
states that the simplest cladogram is probably correct. Recall that each branch point represents the loss or gain of a character, which may have been caused by one or more evolutionary events. The simplest cladogram represents the path with the fewest evolutionary changes.
Parsimony
was a philosopher who believe that the simplest explanation for an event.
William of Occam (1280-1349)
was a philosopher who believe that the simplest explanation for an event.
William of Occam (1280-1349)
They suggested a new kingdom Protoctista that would include fungi, bacteria, single-celled algae, and many other single-celled organisms.
(2)
John Hogg and Ernst Haeckel (1860s)
He proposed a five-kingdom system that became widely accepted. It consisted of the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi. Plantae, Protista, and Monera.
Robert Whittaker of Cornell University
From the Greek word “archaios”
which means ancient it is a domain of
prokaryotic cells that lack a nuclear membrane and have a distinct biochemistry. Archaea are considered the oldest species on Earth and can survive in harsh environments.
Domain Archaea
A domain of eukaryotic organisms, which are characterized by cells with a well-defined membrane containing a nucleus and other organelles. Includes the kingdoms protista, animalia. fungi and plantae.
Domain Eukarya
A domain of prokaryotes that includes bacteria that cause illness. Before the three-domain system, bacteria belonged to the kingdom Monera, which included all prokaryotes.
Domain Bacteria
The father of modern taxonomy
Carl von Linne
