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Bio Grade 10 > Lesson 6 + Part Of 11 > Flashcards

Lesson 6 + Part Of 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis steps ( 5 )

A

1.Before mitosis starts, the parent cell replicates its DNA.
2. Mitosis then starts with the DNA condensing into chromosomes.
3.The chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.
4.Sister chromatids are pulled apart to the poles of the cell.
5.Finally, the cell membrane pinches off, making two daughter cells.

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2
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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3
Q

Why are chromosomes x shaped ?

A

The chromosomes are X shaped because the two copies of DNA made during replication are still attached.

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4
Q

How are sister chromatids separated ?

A

Fibres extend from each pole (side) of the cell and attach to the chromatids of each chromosome. The fibres contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart.

Each pole receives one of the sister chromatids. This ensures each pole receives one copy of each chromosome.

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5
Q

Offspring

A

the “children” resulting from one or two organisms successfully reproducing

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Specific combination of alleles for a trait

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

“Physical appearance”

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8
Q

Law of segregation

A

Traits are passed to offspring in units and don’t blend

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9
Q

Recessive

A

the trait that is not present in the physical appearance of the offspring in the F1 generation

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10
Q

Dominant

A

the trait that determines the physical appearance of the offspring in the F1 generation

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11
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission/passing of genetic information from one generation to the next (from parents to their offspring)

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12
Q

What is mitosis

A

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus/eukaryotic cells to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

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13
Q

Interphase ( 2 points )

A

What happens ? The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.

Why ? - so that there is a complete copy of DNA for each daughter cell

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14
Q

Prophase ( what and why )

A
  • The DNA in chromosomes condense to become more visible ( distinct threads so they are easier to move around). + nucleus membrane disintegrates so that the chromosomes can move about freely within the cell and spindles ( protein fibers ) are formed
  • so that it is easier to move
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15
Q

Metaphase ( why )

A

Chromosomes line up at teh equator of teh cell
Why ? - To make it easier to sort so that each new cell gets the same DNA

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction ( 3 points )

A

Sexual reproduction is the production fo offspring from two parents using gametes. It involves the joining of two sex cells, or gametes during fertilisation. Organisms produced by sexual reproduction have two parents and are genetically similar to both but not identical to either.

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17
Q

What type of cells does mitosisi produce

A

Diploid bodily cells for growth

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18
Q

Meiosis produces what type of cells

A

Haploid or gametes

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19
Q

Why does meiosis produce haploid cells

A

Because haploid or sex cells fuse to from a diploid fertilized egg during fertilization

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20
Q

How is the double helix held together ?

A

The double helix is held together by weak hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.

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21
Q

What are teh base pairings

A

Base A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G forming a twisted ladder structure called a double helix.

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22
Q

What are chromosomes ( note : chromatin is the uncondensed form of chromosomes )

A

Tightly coiled DNA

A linear strand of DNA

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23
Q

What is a gene ( 2 points )

A

A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Basic unit of heredity

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24
Q

What is genome

A

Entire genetic material of an organism ( compete set of DNA found in an organism )

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25
Q

Alleles definition

A

Alleles are different versions of a gene, which vary according to the nucleotide base present at a particular genome location.

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26
Q

Cell cycle ( 6 parts )

A
  • cell growth
  • DNA synthesis ( the chromosomes are now double stranded )
  • Further growth occcurs and the DNA is checked for errors
  • Mitosis
  • The cytoplasm separates and two cells are formed
  • Temporary cell resting period
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27
Q

What type of division is meiosis

A

meiosis is a reduction division – the chromosome number is halved from diploid (46 chromosomes in 23 pairs in humans) to haploid (23 chromosomes in humans).

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28
Q

What is the building black of DNA and what are they made up of ?

A

Nucleotides constant of three karts ( teh deoxyrobes sugar, phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases )

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29
Q

Name the four bases

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

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30
Q

What do the order of bases in the DNA determine

A

Genetic code which in turn determines the characteristics of the organism

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31
Q

Source of genetic variation ( 2 points )

A

Sexual reproduction is a source of genetic variation.
• DNA from the mother is
“shuffled” with DNA from the
father.

It involves the random fusion of gametes, which can lead to variation.
• Any sperm can fertilize with any
egg.

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32
Q

What are chromatids held together by

A

By a protein structure called a centromere

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33
Q

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis

A

During mitosis each double stranded chromosome reverts to being single stranded with one copy of each chromosome ending up in each of the two new cells

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34
Q

What are spindles and when are they formed

A

A series of protein fibres called spindles are formed that attach to centromere of each chromosome, spindles are formed during prophase

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35
Q

What happens during telophase

A

The nuclear membrane reforms and the chromosomes unwind so they can carry out their function once more 

36
Q

Three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction involves formation of gametes and cell fusion
Sexual reproduction needs two parents and has variety in offspring

37
Q

Example of asexual Reproduction in plants ( 2 )

A

Production of runners as in strawberries which grow into clones of the parent plant

Bulbs I can divide and produce clones or tubers that can split to produce several genetically identical new plants


38
Q

Why can’t multicellular organism use simple reproduction (4)

A

The reason is that many multicellular organisms are not simply a random collection of cells. Specialise cells are organised as tissues and tissues and organs and organs which are then have to be carefully positioned in the body in definite positions. in such a carefully organised situation cell-by-cell division would be impractical. multicellular organisms therefore need to use more complex ways of reproduction.

39
Q

How was the structure of DNA discovered ( 2 )

A

The structure of DNA Was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson.Rosalind Franklin made an x-ray diffraction image of DNA which showed that DNA had a helix shape this picture is supported Francis clicks and James Watson theory about the structure of DNA. 

40
Q

DNA replication

A

Do you need application is the process by which a cell make that identical copy of its DNA.

41
Q

Helicase ( function )

A

Unzips the DNA strand

42
Q

Primase

A

Adds RNA primer

43
Q

Mendel ( 2 points ) who was he and why was he Revolutionary ?

A

Gregor Mendel was a monk who discovered key laws of inheritance by studying the peas in the monastery garden.
His quantitative approach was new and revolutionary.

44
Q

what properties must a molecule have in order to be genetic material ( 2 points )

A

Roles of genetic material:
1. Store genetic information
•Have variation; small variation within a species, more between species
2. Be able to copy/replicate genetic information to pass on to offspring
•Needed a structure that allowed for an exact replication process

45
Q

Nucleotide structure ( 3 parts )

A

Each nucleotide had three parts:
-a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
-a phosphate group
-one of 4 nitrogen bases

46
Q

Gene expression ( what is a gene expressed as and what is a gene )

A

A gene is expressed as a protein.
•The section of DNA that makes a specific protein is called a gene.

47
Q

What is transcription

A

Transcription is the copying of a gene to make mRNA. It is the first process that must happen in order to make a protein.

48
Q

What does messagner RNA do ?

A

Carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to teh sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

49
Q

What are DNA and RNA made of

A

Nucleotides

50
Q

What is the name of teh Andy me that’s dds new nucleotides to build mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

51
Q

How many strands does RNA have

A

1

52
Q

Which RNA nucleotide is complementary to adenine

A

Uracil

53
Q

Genotype

A

The full set of genes of an organism

54
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity ( Mendelian) the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA.

55
Q

Locus

A

Position of a particular gene on a chromosome

56
Q

Homozygous

A

two identical copies of alleles in the DNA gene sequence that encodes for a particular trait.

57
Q

Heterozygous

A

Heterozygous refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent.

58
Q

How are characteristics passed on

A

In all living things, characteristics are passed on in the chromosomes that offspring inherit from their parents.

59
Q

Which alleles are expressed and which are super red ( dominating and epreccessive ) ( 3 points )

A

Individuals receive two versions of each gene, known as alleles, from each parent.
If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked

60
Q

Asexual reproduction ( 2??)

A

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.

Cells undergo mitosis and a structure which breaks away from the main body is formed; this structure grows into a new ‘creature’.

61
Q

What type of organisms reproduce asexually

A

Single celled animals tend to produce asexually as they cannot have specialized reproductive organs.

62
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do offspring from sexual reproduction have ?

A

Two sets - one from each parent

63
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that makes gametes with half the number of chromosomes

64
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells. ( cytoplasm divides )

66
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers contract and are pull chromatids to the poles of the cell

Why ? So that whe the nucleus reforms for two cells each one gets the same DNA

67
Q

Current law of segregation

A

the two chromosomes of a parent separate during meiosis and only one is passed on to offspring via a haploid gamete

68
Q

Chragaff’s laws

A

Chargaff’s Laws:
•A=T and G=C
•The amount of A&T vs. G&C is not 50%-50% and varies by species.

69
Q

Order of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA strands are separated
  2. Strands are held apart
  3. RNA is put into strands
  4. DNA polymerase makes new DNA in 5’ and 3’ direction using RNA
  5. Sections of new DNA are joined
70
Q

Protein synthesis ( gene expression - what is a gene )

A

The section of DNA that makes a specific protein is called a gene

71
Q

What produces different proteins

A

The different sequences of nitrogenous bases produce different proteins.

72
Q

Nucleotide

A

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

73
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is a change in the DNA of an organism. It can create different versions of the same gene.

74
Q

What can cause mutation

A

Can be caused due to DNA being copied incorrectly ( substitution mutation) or mutagens like X-rays and ionizing radiation

75
Q

Chromosomes ( strands)

A

DNA is divided into several individual strands known as chromosomes, chromosomes are a linear strand of DNA

76
Q

Maura ions and varitaions

A

Mutations can cause changes in genes. This can lead to new alleles and new variations. Mutations can a,os sometimes cause genetic diseases.

77
Q

Replication

A

Make an identical copy of something

78
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - molecule common to all life on earth, contains the code that determines the structure of living things

79
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals of a species

80
Q

Protein synthesis

A

In eukaryotic cells, transcription takes place in the nucleus. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). The molecule of mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a polypeptide. These two processes are summed up by the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → Protein.

81
Q

Cloning

A

DNA of one organism is copied into another organism

82
Q

4 types of cloning

A
  1. Embroyo cloning
  2. Nuclear transfer
  3. Cuttings
  4. Tissue Cloning
83
Q

Benifits of cloning ( 6 )

A
  • new babies for infertile couples
  • new organs for transplant
  • survival of genetically endangered species
  • Medically useful animals to conduct drug tests on
  • Pet cloning
  • Gentically engineer farm animals to produce food with specific proteins ( special milk etc )
84
Q

Issues concerning cloning ( 4 )

A
  • many embroyos were miscarried before dolly was clones
  • a large number of embryos are destroyed in thing technology ( may become better in Teh furture )
  • religious or ethical beliefs state it’s wrong
  • Method reduces genetic variation
85
Q

What is a Tetrad

A

A park of homologous chromosomes is called a Tetrad

86
Q

How does probate 2 differ from prophase 1

A

Chromosomes do not pair up ( Tetrad do not form )

Bio Grade 10 (5 decks)

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