Lesson 6: Microbial Pathogenesis

Question 1

The manner in which the disease develops.

Answer 1

Pathogenesis

Question 2

It is concerned with the structural and functional changes brought about by disease and with their final effects on the body. The scientific study of disease.

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

The invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in the body.

Answer 3

Infection

Question 4

The abnormal state in which part or all of the body is incapable of performing normal functions.

Answer 4

Disease

Question 5

The overall ability to cause disease.

Answer 5

Pathogenecity

Question 6

The extent of the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

Answer 6

Virulence

Question 7

The toxic/destructive substances produced by the pathogen indirectly/indirectly enhance invasiveness and host damage by facilitating and promoting infection.

Answer 7

Virulence Factors

Question 8

The decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen.

Answer 8

Attenuation

Question 9

Name the two major processes of microbial pathogenesis.

Answer 9

Infection process and Disease Process

Question 10

Elaborate on the infection process.

Answer 10

Exposure > Adherence > Invasion > Multiplication

Question 11

Elaborate on the disease process.

Answer 11

Toxicity & Invasiveness > Tissue/Systemic Damage

Question 12

Guess the correct order of the Infection Process in Microbial Pathogenesis.

a. Exposure > Invasion > Adherence > Multiplication
b. Exposure > Multiplication > Invasion > Adherence
c. Exposure > Adherence > Invasion > Multiplication
d. Exposure > Invasion > Multiplication > Adherence

Answer 12

c. Exposure > Adherence > Invasion > Multiplication

Question 13

The presence of microbes in the surrounding/material.

Answer 13

Exposure

Question 14

Name the 5 Sources of Microbes in Air and give an example for each source.

Answer 14

1. Aerosols
2. Windblown
3. Man’s action
4. Water droplets
5. Human/Animal

Question 15

The enhanced ability of a microorganism to attach to a cell/surface.

Answer 15

Adherence

Question 16

How do pathogens gain access to host tissues?

Answer 16

Portal of entry

Question 17

Give examples of the portal of entry.

Answer 17

Mucous membranes, skin surface, or under mucous membranes/skin

Question 18

How do we get access from the portal of entry?

Answer 18

During penetration of the said sites from punctured wounds, insect bites, cuts, or other abrasions.

Question 19

How do we get access from the portal of entry?

Answer 19

During penetration of the said sites from punctured wounds, insect bites, cuts, or other abrasions.

Question 20

Name 4 adherence structures.

Answer 20

Capsules, Fimbriae, Pili, and Flagella.

Question 21

It is important for protecting pathogenic bacteria from host defenses besides adherence.

Answer 21

Capsules

Question 22

This contains the specific receptors that facilitate adherence to host tissues, but the inherently sticky nature of the capsule itself also assists in the overall attachment process.

Answer 22

Capsule surface

Question 23

These are bacterial cell surface protein structures that function in attachment.

Answer 23

Fimbriae and Pili

Question 24

Exposure to non-pathogens (harmless microorganisms) begins at birth that serves as the infant’s initial normal microbiota.

Answer 24

Colonization

Question 25

Explain the Process of Colonization

Answer 25

Epithelial cells secrete mucus > Mucus retains moisture where the attachment of microbes naturally inhibits > If the microbes that adhered to the epithelial are non-pathogens, it began to colonize. If the attached microbes are pathogens, began infection, invasion, and disease.

Question 26

The ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells/tissues, spread, and cause disease.

Answer 26

Invasion

Question 27

The mere presence of bacteria in blood but are self-limiting.

Answer 27

Bacteremia

Question 28

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream but multiplies and the organisms spread systemically from an initial focus and produces toxins or other poisonous substances.

Answer 28

Septicemia

Question 29

Term to describe viruses present in the bloodstream.

Answer 29

Viremia

Question 30

Name the 4 factors in the distribution and composition of the normal microbiota.

Answer 30

1. Nutrients 2. Physical and Chemical factors 3. Defences of the host 4. Mechanical factors

Question 31

What do you call it when the normal microbiota protects the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading microbes, and affecting conditions such as pH and available oxygen?

Answer 31

Microbial Antagonism/Competitive Exclusion

Question 32

These are microorganisms that ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment.

Answer 32

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 33

What is the difference between microbial antagonism from opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 33

Microbial antagonism is the competition between microbial organisms for food sources and territory. As a result, if one organism out-competes the other, this leads to the inhibition of the organism that failed to thrive in the environment. While opportunistic pathogens are potentially infectious agents that rarely cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems.

Question 34

Name at least 3 physical and chemical factors that can affect the growth of microorganisms.

Answer 34

1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Sunlight 4. Available oxygen and carbon dioxide 5. Salinity

Question 35

Name at least 5 factors that also affect the normal microbiota.

Answer 35

age, diet, disability, climate, lifestyle, personal hygiene, living conditions, occupation, emotional stress, nutritional status, health status, hospitalization, stress, or geography.

Question 36

Name the two major ways on how bacterial pathogens damage the host tissues (or entire host).

Answer 36

1. by secreting tissue-destructing enzymes | 2. by secreting or shedding toxins that target specific host tissues or the entire host

Question 37

It damages the host tissues by lysing cells directly, although some viruses are non-lytic and instead introduce genes into host cells that may eventually harm the host.

Answer 37

Viral Pathogens

Question 38

Differentiate Bacterial Pathogen from Viral Pathogen

Answer 38

On a biological level, the main difference is that bacteria are free-living cells that can live inside or outside a body, while viruses are a non-living collection of molecules that need a host to survive.

Question 39

Name the 4 tissue destroying enzymes.

Answer 39

Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, Streptokinase, Protease.