lesson 6 Flashcards
acquiring something new
learning
six kind of learning
habituation
associative learning
social/model learning
skill learning
verbal learning
cognitive learning
“we get used”
it is the simplest kind of learning
habituation
associations between a stimulus and a response (S-R theory)
associative learning
two kinds of learning by association
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
transfer of response from one stimulus to another stimulus through repeated pairing (involuntary/ occur naturally)
- Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning
something which does not trigger a specific reaction
neutral stimulus
something that naturally triggers an automatic response (ex. dogfood)
unconditioned stimulus
is the automatic reaction to that stimulus (ex. salivation)
unconditioned response
a neutral stimulus that produces a response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned stimulus
a behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus
conditioned response
constant association
acquisition
pag natangal na yung dogfood or yung stimulus
extinction
pag na introduce uli yung stimulus or dogfood
spontaneous recovery
na generalized na kahit di galing sa amo/any same don sa Metrodome
stimulus generalization
no response to different stimulus
discrimination
second object kahit di yung stimulus mismo
higher order conditioning
a learning method that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior (voluntary)
B.F Skinner
operant conditioning
• laging may binibigay, giving something pleasant
ex. giving a child a treat when he or she is polite to a stranger to increase the frequency of the behavioral response
positive reinforcement
- remove/walang binibigay
- take something away. It is this removal of a stimulus that is intended to strengthen a desirable behavior
negative reinforcement
- when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior. You do this to make it less appealing.
ex. adding more chores to the list when your child neglects their responsibilities.
positive punishment
- remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
ex. when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy
negative punishment
reinforcement for every response of the correct type
ex. every time the dog sits when the command is spoken, the dog receives a treat
continuous
reinforcement following completion of a specific number of responses
ex. a child must do five chores before receiving an allowance, so the child conducts 5 chores knowing they will receive their compensation.
fixed ratio
reinforcement for an unpredictable number of responses that varies around a mean value
ex. Slot Machines
variable ratio
reinforcement for the first response that follows a given delay since the previous reinforcement
ex. sweldo
fixed interval
reinforcement after random time intervals
ex. shooting stars
variable interval
rewarding the behavior time to time
shaping
basic survival needs
ex. water, food, air
primary reinforcement
stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcement
secondary reinforcement
four steps of modeling learning of Albert Bandura
and give their meaninga
attention - ability to focus
retention - ability to remember
motoric reproduction - ability to mimic
reinforcement - internal and external response
acquiring new skills
skill learning
three steps of skill learning and give their meaning
COGNITION - process of you learning it in the first time
FIXATION - you keep doing it to be automative
AUTOMATION - if u can multi task na
use of words, either as stimulus or responses speaking, reading, writing, and reciting
verbal learning
kinds of verbal learning and give their meaning
SERIAL - learning it orderly, in order ability from you to remember the word from first to last
FREE RECALL LEARNING - recalling the words in any order
PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING - learn items in pair
internal process happening in the brain
cognitive learning
reproducing past learning without a clue
nasasagot mo kahit walang clue or di ka mag-recall
recall
ability to identify learned items that are familiar
may choices
recognition
reconstructing of past learning
may clue
reintegration
reviewing previous learning
relearning
refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a representation that can be placed into memory
from physical - brain
encoding
how you store or keep encoded information in memory
storage
how you gain access to information stored in memory
retrieval
how you gain access to information stored in memory
retrieval
three memory stores
sensory store - voluntary sense
short term store- mins to secs
long term store - very long period
three memory stores
sensory store - voluntary sense
short term store- mins to secs
long term store - very long period
concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how psychological phenomenon works
hypothetical construct
types of long term memory
- general knowledge, hindi makakalimutan kasi fact siya
semantic memory
types of long term memory
- memorable events or episodes
episodic memory
types of long term memory
- actions na hindi mo makakalimutan
ex. shoe ties, pagsusuklay
procedural memory
short term to long term
- repeated recitation of an item effects of such are practice
rehearsal
types of rehearsal
- somehow elaborates or explain on the items to be remembered
elaborative rehearsal
type of rehearsal
- simply repeats the item to be remembered
maintenance rehearsal
type of rehearsal
- simply repeats the item to be remembered
maintenance rehearsal
refers to memory of an individual’s history
autobiographical memory
refers to memory of an individual’s history
autobiographical memory
it is a kind of autobiographical memory
- a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserve on film
flash bulb memory
it is a kind of autobiographical memory
- a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserve on film
flash bulb memory
most famous mnemonists
S, VP, SF
S has no limit
VP can memorize long string of numbers
SF inaaral
photographic memory
eidetikers
memory loss
amnesia
inability to remember events before the traumatic event
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember events after the traumatic event
anterograde amnesia
it is under of alzheimer’s disease
decrease in brain
atrophy
diagnosed when memory is impaired and there is a least one other area of this function in the domains of language motor attention executive function personality or object recognition
exceptional memory
failure to retain what was previously learned information is lost
forgetting
refers to forgetting that occurs because we call of certain words interferes with recall of other words
interference theory
conditions in which new learning interferes with old learning
retroactive interference
occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information
proactive interference
nalimutan mo yung memory mo kasi matagal na nangyari
decay theory
regarded as a sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically absent to the senses
thinking
kind of thinking that are based on practicality
realistic thinking
it is kind of realistic thinking na ito’y nakakasanayan mo na nagwo-work sa’yo
close system thinking
type of realistic thinking new study habit mo
adventurous thinking
three processes
- general principles to specific
deductive thinking
three processes
- specific to general
inductive thinking
three processes
-judge the soundness or appropriateness of an idea based on norms
evaluative or critical thinking
kind of thinking
- engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case of daydreaming and wishful thinking
autistic thinking
