Lesson 6 Flashcards
Definition of substance of abuse
A substance that can push those who use it to take it more and more often
What origin can a substance of abuse have? (with examples)
- Natural narcotics: cannabis plants, papaver…
- Semi-synthetic drugs: substance chemically processed from the natural molecule. Ex: heroin, LSD
- Synthetic: complete laboratory synthesis
Definition of conditioned reinforcement
a stimulus previously associated with the positive effects of a substance is presented and it triggers the craving for the substance, even after a long period of abstinence.
Definition of conditioned abstinence crisis
the presentation of stimuli (previously associated with the state of abstinence) cause physical symptoms clinically detectable.
Opiates: effect, mechanism of action
Effects: they’re on brain, blood, immune system, lungs, heart, liver, nervous system…
Mechanism of action: it’s mediated by AMP.
Benzodiazepine: effect, mechanism of action
It’s used as an antidepressant; it decreases the expression of GABA and glutamate receptors.
With moderate doses it may cause anxiety, agitation, sleep disorders… With high doses we have convulsion and delirium.
Why is ethanol considered a drug?
Ethanol influence CYT450 so it interacts with lots of different drugs.
Heroin: origin and effects
It’s a semi-synthetic opiate prepared by papaverum somniferum.
Main effects are:
- Analgesia
- Respiratory depression
- Mood changes
- Relaxation of stomach and intestines
- Decreased ovulation
Which is the active metabolite of natural cannabinoids? Which are its effects?
The metabolite THC can have important effects on the CNS: relaxation, mood changes, sensorial distortions, strong analgesic effect, antispasmodic effect.
After the abuse there may be the alteration of cognitive functioning, the alteration of the immune system, problem in the heart…
Give some examples of psychostimulants
Cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamine, nasal decongestionant, nicotine, caffeine
How does cocaine and amphetamine work?
both of them cause the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
Which are the effects of cocaine?
- In peripheric sites we can have vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, respiratory depression and hyperthermia.
At high doses we have ischemia, heart attack, convulsions and a cardiotoxic action. - In central sites we can have (from low to high dose): fatigue, better performance, more self confidence and decrease of the appetite.
At high doses we have euphoria, dysphoria, involuntary movements, paranoia, panic, irritability, anxiety and hallucination
Ecstasy: origin, effects, metabolites
It’s a drug of synthetic origin with stimulation effects on the CNS. It exists in 2 different isomers: the isomer S is the most effective.
Effects of ecstasy are mainly attributed to changes in functionality and in the integrity of the serotoninergic system. It also can block monoamine oxidase.
Which substances are always prohibited in competitions?
Anabolic agens, peptidic hormones, growth factors, ACTH, GH, somatotropin, beta2 agonist, hormonal and metabolic modulators, SERM, myostatin inhibitors, insulin, diuretics, probenacid, plasma expanders, alcohol
Which methods are always prohibited in competitions?
manipulation of blood and genetic doping
