LESSON 5 TOPIC: POSITION PAPER (ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL EVIDENCES)

Question 1

What is Fallacy?

Answer 1

What is Fallacy?
A fallacy is reasoning that comes to a conclusion without the evidence to support it (Merriam Webster dictionary).

Question 2

What are the Types of Fallacies?

Question 3

• It is attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
  Tony will run as president in our school, but Tony was involved in a fight two years ago, therefore he cannot be a
  good president.

Answer 3

1. Ad Hominem

Question 4

• It is misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
  Al Gore feels that all companies are irresponsible and should be punished for allowing emissions, which causes
  global warming.

Answer 4

2. Strawman

Question 5

-It is asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can be answered without
appearing guilty.
Have you stopped cheating in EAPP class?

Answer 5

3. Loaded Question

Question 6

• It is where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities when in fact more
  possibilities exist.
  If you will agree with him then you are against us.

Answer 6

4. Black or white

Question 7

• It is asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. (A teacher to a student)
  I will not allow you to go to the comfort room because you might fall on the stairs, and if you fell on the stairs your parents will complain, and if they complained, a case will be filed against me. Therefore, you cannot go to the comfort room.

Answer 7

5. Slippery slope

Question 8

• It is saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone
  else to disprove.
  If you cannot prove that I was the one who stole your bag, therefore, I wasn’t the one who stole it.

Answer 8

6. Burden of proof

Question 9

-It is assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be applied to all or other
parts of it.
The students in Hogwarts High School are lazy. Luna Lovegod is a student in Hogwarts High School. Therefore, Luna
Lovegod is lazy.

Answer 9

7. Composition Division

Question 10

• It is appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempt of validation.

I wanted to take HUMMS, but all my friends will take STEM, therefore, I will take STEM.

Answer 10

8. Bandwagon

Question 11

-It is manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.
I remember my grandmother told me that if I will let rice fall on the table while eating, the rice will cry, so I shouldn’t let
these rice fall on the table while eating.
Arguments as we have discussed in the previous module is the attempt to prove a point using evidence and
reasoning.

Answer 11

9. Appeal to Emotion

Question 12

• is the concrete facts used to support a claim. Ideally, evidence is something everyone agrees on, or
  something that anyone could, with sufficient training and equipment, verify for themselves.
• is one of the two basic ingredients of argument (the other is reasoning), and so a great deal of effort goes
  into ensuring its quality, and challenging the quality of evidence in arguments we disagree with.

Answer 12

Evidence

Question 13

is very convincing in argumentative essay. The three types of factual evidence are:
1. Facts
2. Empirical Evidence
3. Statistical Information

Answer 13

What is Factual Evidence?

Question 14

• are the things that we know to be true like personal experiences or observations and interviews, which provide empirical or statistical information. These should come from a credible source.

Answer 14

1. Facts

Question 15

• are data that have been observed and tested.
  example: experiential data- these are scientific research and testing

Answer 15

2. Empirical Evidence

Question 16

• These are data gathered, sorted, analyzed, interpreted, and presented by scientists.

Answer 16

3. Statistical Information