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Research Methods and Statistics > Lesson 5 - Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Lesson 5 - Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 reasons for the use of Qualitative research

A
  1. To generate theory (topic is very novel, no past evidence to work from)
  2. To gain deeper insight - to validate quant results
  3. To explore a group’s experience or perceptions
  4. To understand how meanings are constructed - shared meaning
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2
Q

An opposing philosophy to positivism is….. which believes it is only possible to understand something …..

This approach is linked to …… , ….. studies

A

Interpretivism

In the context of how people perceive and make sense of it

Inductive, qualitative

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3
Q

What is the ontological position of constructivism?

A
  • phenomena are created by the actions of perceptions of social actors

*construc is more of a theory/ontology than it is it’s own paradigm

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4
Q

Give 5 of the key characteristics of qualitative research

A
  • naturalistic approach
  • researcher as key instrument
  • focus on parts. perspectives, meanings
  • Reflective and interpretive
  • situated w/in the context or setting of participants/sites

*more on slide 9 of lesson 5

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5
Q

Give 4 examples of qualitative data

A
  • verbal (recording)
  • written (interview transcripts/diaries)
  • visual
  • photos/art
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6
Q

Give 4 points key to the collection of qualitative data

A
  • requires good interpersonal skills
  • seeks holistic record of participant’s words
  • bottom-up formation (participant led)
  • allows emergence of unanticipated explanations
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7
Q

Give 4 types of data collection methods for qualitative data

A
  • interviews
  • focus group discussions
  • observations
  • document analysis
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of interview question?

A

Structures
Semi-structured
Unstructured

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9
Q

Qual research cannot create …. and …. in the same way that Quant research can

A

generalizations and universal truths

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10
Q

“Design” is associate with….
“Approach” is associate with ….

A

Quants

Qual

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11
Q

There is no hypothesis in qualitative work, rather we …..

A

explore the research questions and describe a phenomena

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12
Q

Some important points about interviewing are that:

A
  • setting is NB (even aspects such as it being too hot or cold can alter the information that you receive)
  • rapport is NB
  • restrain prejudice, personal opinions, and from becoming too emotionally involved
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13
Q

What 4 types of questions exists in interviews

A
  1. Descriptive q.s
  2. Structural q.s
  3. Contrast q.s
  4. Evaluative q.s
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14
Q

What are the 4 key features of focus group discussions?

A
  1. Interaction
  2. Collective activity
  3. Social events
  4. Organised discussions
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15
Q

What type of individual interview is most commonly used?

A

A semi-structured interview

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16
Q

What is a disadvantage of individual interviews?

A

People can speak as they want and take you nowhere, wasting time and resources - even in the case of structured interviews?

17
Q

Give 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of focus group discussions

A

Advantage:
- can lead to snowball discussions that are otherwise impossible on an individual basis

Disadvantages:
- difficult to manage
- cannot be used for sensitive subjects

18
Q

Roughly how many people should be involved in a focus group discussion

A

It’s disputed, some say 4-8, some say 6-12, others say no less than 8

19
Q

Focus groups aim to provide an account of….

A

a belief or norm held by a specific group in relation to a specific topic

20
Q

What should be taken into account when selecting participants for a focus group discussion

A
  • shared attitudes
  • demographic info
  • similarity in status
21
Q

List some practical considerations for the use the FGDs (5 points)

A
  • non-threatening environment
  • approx 1.5 hours
  • researcher to be knowledgeable on the topic
  • use pseudonyms
  • researcher needs to be a good listener
22
Q

At the onset of a FGD, members ought to be informed that….

A
  • the observer will be present
  • session will be recorded
23
Q

Advantage of FGDs are on slide 30, but 3 big ones are that….

A
  • snowballing effect
  • most cost/time effective
  • multiple moderators provide more valid interpretations
24
Q

What is the key feature of an observation in qual. research?

A
  • researcher always interacts with the participants in their natural environment
25
Q

10 Practical steps to Participant Observations are on slide….

A

35 and 36

26
Q

Name and briefly outline the 4 types of qualitative research analysis

A
  1. Thematic analysis - data organised according to themes (themes informed by objectives, existing literature and theory)
  2. Discourse analysis - analyses language within its social context, conversations and relationships between people (must consider culture and history of those involved)
  3. Content analysis - analyze meaning of communications through core themes
  4. Interpretive Phenomenological analysis (IPA) - researched avoids imposing personal preconceptions on data
27
Q

Thematic analysis is appropriate for which forms of data collection and what kind of objectives?

A

Interviews, focus groups, participants generated images/texts

Objectives that involve understanding people’s experiences/opinions

*steps on slide 45

28
Q

If your research involves understanding culture or power dynamics, what is the best method of analysis?

A
  • Discourse Analysis
29
Q

In discourse analysis, you want to analyze data to the point of….

A

saturation - where no new information emerges from the data

30
Q

Discourse Analysis doesn’t focus on smaller units of language such as words or phrases, but rather….

A

…larger chunks such as entire conversations or texts

31
Q

Outline Grounded Theory briefly

A
  • identifies themes in data => used to derive theory about phenomena
  • data collection continues until no new themes emerge
  • used for research questions on topics which are little understood or researched

(can use observations, semi-struct interviews and focus groups)

32
Q

Which type of analysis is well suited for people’s lived experiences and how they make sense of it within a specific context

A
  • interpretive phenomenological analysis
33
Q

What are some of the hassles of transcription?

A
  • very time consuming
  • cannot use external people (confidentiality)
  • transcriptions need to be cleaned of any identifying information
  • need safe storage
34
Q

What is one of the biggest uses of qualitative research?

A
  • to challenge the status quo and epistemological dominance of positivism, to promote social justice and adopt critical, de-colonizing methods
35
Q

Technology is used in what two ways in the research process

A
  • data collection (recording and transcribing)
  • data analysis (comp-aided qual data analysis software)

Research Methods and Statistics (6 decks)

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