Lesson 5: Plant Control Systems and Fungi Flashcards
Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others?
A. arbuscules B. mutualistic fungi C. Glomeromycota D. lichens E. mycorrhizae
D. lichens
Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike?
A. sporangia and hyphae B. zoospores and mycelia C. haustoria and arbuscules D. conidia and basidiocarps E. soredia and gills
C. haustoria and arbuscules
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of Frits Went and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?
A. When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical
substance migrates toward the light.
B. A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is
produced in shoot tips.
C. Agar contains a chemical substance that mimics a
plant hormone.
D. Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth
cannot be induced.
E. Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone
that responds to light.
B. A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A. Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any
apparent structure.
B. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal
hyphae.
C. The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered
by algae.
D. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
E. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
B. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?
A. pores in cross-walls
B. multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls
C. two nuclei
D. complex microtubular cytoskeletons
E. tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells
A. pores in cross-walls
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?
A. centrioles—plastids B. desmosomes—tonoplasts C. gap junctions—plasmodesmata D. flagella—central vacuoles E. tight junctions—plastids
C. gap junctions—plasmodesmata
Ethylene differs from other plant hormones in that
A. it has multiple effects. B. it is produced in very small amounts. C. it is transported in the xylem and phloem. D. it is a gas. E. it is only produced in seedlings.
D. it is a gas.
Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?
A. nondisjunction B. S phase C. crossing over D. autopolyploidy E. double fertilization
B. S phase
According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by
A. increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected
cell walls to elongate.
B. dissolving the cell membranes temporarily,
permitting cells that were on the verge of dividing to
divide more rapidly.
C. greatly increasing the rate of deposition of cell wall
material.
D. changing the pH within the cell, which would permit
the electron transport chain to operate more
efficiently.
E. dissolving sieve plates, permitting more rapid
transport of nutrients.
A. increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected cell walls to elongate.
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection.
Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another?
A. by cilia B. by flagella C. by pseudopods D. by wind-blown spores E. by hyphae
B. by flagella
The following questions refer to the description below.
A lichen is a mutualistic association between a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria. There are clear morphological differences in lichen body form; some have flat bodies and are very close together, others have leaf-like bodies, and still others grow upright. The association between the two organisms is so complete that lichens are classified as a single organism.
Biologists have noted that lichen structure differs substantially from the fungus component grown separately. What is the most plausible explanation for this?
A. The variation is due to the photosynthetic partners
which influence lichen structure.
B. The variation depends where the lichens are found.
C. The variation depends if reproduction is sexual or
asexual.
D. The variation depends on the structure of the
hyphae.
E. The variation depends on the coevolution of the
partners.
A. The variation is due to the photosynthetic partners which influence lichen structure.
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A. coccidioidomycosis B. ergotism C. athlete's foot D. candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E. ringworm
B. ergotism
We know from the experiments of the past that plants bend toward light because
A. the sun stimulates stem growth.
B. cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the
stem.
C. phytochrome stimulates florigen production.
D. they need sunlight energy for photosynthesis.
E. auxin is inactive on the dark side of the stem.
B. cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.
Which of the following structure-function pairs is incorrectly matched?
A. bulbs—underground roots that store food
B. prop roots—support tall, top-heavy trees that grow in
unstable soil
C. green roots—important for photosynthesis in some
species of aerial plants with few leaves
D. root hairs—increase the surface area of roots for
water and mineral absorption
E. pneumatophores—air roots that project above water
allowing oxygen to enter
A. bulbs—underground roots that store food
Plants and animals can be said to have similar needs because both require water, food, and minerals for growth and survival. In plants, water enters the root through root hairs and then moves through the root cortex into the vascular tissue and into the shoots. The endodermis, with Casparian strips in the endodermal cells, controls entry into the vascular cylinder.
If a mutation occurred and Casparian strips were not produced in root endodermal cells, what would happen to the plant?
A. The plant would not be able to regulate uptake of
water and ions into the rest of the plant and the plant
would not grow.
B. Entry of water and ions would occur via root hairs
and the plant would continue to grow.
C. Water movement depends on transpiration; the plant
would keep photosynthesizing and growing.
D. Water and ions would have to move via an
alternative pathway.
A. The plant would not be able to regulate uptake of water and ions into the rest of the plant and the plant would not grow.
