Lesson 5

Question 1

Anthropologists cite three types of societal evolution:

Answer 1

Biological
Cultural
Technological

Question 2

organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes

Answer 2

Biological evolution

Question 3

According to him living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations.”
-biological evolution is a process of descent with modification. Lineages of organisms change through generations;

Answer 3

Francisco Jose Ayala

Question 4

They learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as planting crops, domesticating animals, and trade.
-accumulated over time and FORGED A SENSE OF CULTURE

Answer 4

Technological Evolution

Question 5

“the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.”
- “a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution.”
This concept recognizes the role of culture in social evolution.

We adapt our environment bioculturally not through biological response alone.

Answer 5

Biocultural Evolution

Question 6

people’s capacity for language, tool-making, and technological innovation.
In particular, anthropologists put emphasis on the role of effective participation in social networks in cultural development.

Answer 6

Cultural Development

Question 7

came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three stages of development:

savagery
barbarism
civilization.

Answer 7

Lewis Henry Morgan

Question 8

is the lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Answer 8

Savage stage

Question 9

is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.

Answer 9

Barbaric stage

Question 10

is the highest stage of development where people learned writing.

Answer 10

Civilized Stage

Question 11

developing a theory on the origin of private property and the state.
-accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities

Answer 11

Friedrich Engels

Question 12

social institutions evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes over the means of production such as wealth and private property.

Answer 12

Engels & KARL MARX

Question 13

societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type.

Answer 13

Herbert Spencer

Question 14

notion that an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural context of his or her society.

Answer 14

Cultural Relativism

Question 15

human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed.
-the product of environment and culture.

Answer 15

Franz Boas

Question 16

refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.

Answer 16

Cultural Relativism

Question 17

INFO

Answer 17

Sociologists mainly subscribe to two different ideas regarding the origins of social and political institutions. :

First, there are those who subscribe to the idea that evolution occurs based on “stages of development” such as Morgan and Engels.

Second, there are those who subscribe to the idea that one stage does not necessarily precede or lead to another stage like Franz Boas. It should be stressed, however, that while there are different perspectives on the evolution of societies and its institutions,

Question 18

Hunting

Answer 18

Men

Question 19

Gathering

Answer 19

Women

Question 20

earliest societies were comprised of the hunters-gatherers, and were referred to as
-They were basically small and nomadic family groups and were plainly organized. These groups were believed to be highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical.

Answer 20

band-level societies or simply “bands.”

Question 21

emergence of more complex social organizations came about on the.
-establishment of permanent settlements, the invention of tools, the introduction of new and varied tasks, and the increasingly complex social interactions communication were significant changes in human society that required new for of social and political organization.

Answer 21

Advent of agriculture

Question 22

-made up of several bands and groups that were connected through a clan structure or kinship.

Answer 22

Tribe

Question 23

was a more formal and established leader. He had significant influence among the members of the tribe and was recognized as a person of great importance. The headman took advantage of the kinship ties among tribe members to assert his authority and power

Answer 23

Leader of the tribe/ headman

Question 24

consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief.

Answer 24

Chiefdom

Question 25

event introduced significant social, cultural, and political changes in the lives of the people of Europe.

Answer 25

Industrial revolution

Question 26

the effects of the Industrial Revolution were :

Answer 26

increased migration, the growth of urban populations, changes in lifestyle, increased production,

Question 27

argued that the role of the state is to facilitate the growth of the economy and maintain an unregulated, “free market.”

Answer 27

Adam Smith

Question 28

*SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION:
believed that human beings are by nature social and political animals, and that human interactions fulfill certain basic needs.

Answer 28

Aristotle

Question 29

considered the polis or city-state as the highest form of interaction

Answer 29

Aristotle

Question 30

an agreement made by the members of society that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority.

Answer 30

Social Contract

Question 31

agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of the people.

Answer 31

Thomas Hobbes

Question 32

According to him the social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law.

Answer 32

John Locke

Question 33

emphasize the idea of the natural equality of humans. Therefore, the only justified authority is one that emerges from an agreement among all in which each particular will has been submitted to the general will.

Answer 33

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 34

historical-materialist perspective means asserts that societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and its ownership.

Answer 34

Engels and karl marx

Question 35

observed the processes of rationalization and bureaucratization .
-more specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically.

Answer 35

Max Weber

Question 36

the types of authority that dominated were traditional and charismatic

Answer 36

early stages of social development

Question 37

industrial societies, leadership was based on a rational-legal framework.

Answer 37

Modern

Question 38

French bureau meaning

Answer 38

Office

Question 39

kratos meaning

Answer 39

“hierarchy.”

Question 40

bureaucracy

Answer 40

means “rule by officials.”

Question 41

He described traditional societies to be bound by what he called mechanical solidarity,

Answer 41

Emile Durkheim

Question 42

a sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs, values, and well as kinship ties between its members.

Answer 42

Mechanical Solidarity

Question 43

where division of labor is more specialized.
-individuals are not self-sufficient and have to depend on other people for many things. *

Answer 43

organic solidarity

Question 44

INFO

Answer 44

For Durkheim, division of labor increases the productive capacity and skill of the workman.

Division of labor also creates a feeling of solidarity between people. It goes beyond economic interests and establishes social and moral order within society.