Lesson 4: Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders

Question 1

The body’s reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response.

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

It is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.

Answer 2

Stressor

Question 3

The most common type of stress. It’s your body’s immediate reaction to a new challenge, event, or demand, and it triggers your fight-or-flight response.

Answer 3

Acute Stress

Question 4

As the pressures of a near-miss automobile accident, an argument with a family member, or a costly mistake at work sink in, your body turns on this biological response.

Answer 4

Acute Stress

Question 5

When acute stress happens frequently.

Answer 5

Episodic Acute Stress

Question 6

People who have this type of stress are often short-tempered, irritable, and anxious. And they are mostly the people who are “worry warts” or pessimistic or who tend to see the negative side of everything.

Answer 6

Episodic Acute Stress

Question 7

This is the most harmful type of stress and grinds away over a long period.

Answer 7

Chronic Stress

Question 8

It occurs when a person never sees an escape from the cause of stress and stops seeking solutions.

Answer 8

Chronic Stress

Question 9

Sometimes, it can be caused by a traumatic experience early in life.

Answer 9

Chronic Stress

Question 10

The “emotion regulation center”. Part of the brain that regulates memories and emotion.

Answer 10

Hippocampus

Question 11

The “Thinking Center”. Part of the brain that got to do with logic, what to do in situations and evaluation of the situation/problem.

Answer 11

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 12

The “Fear Center”. Part of the brain that turns on fight or flight response, freeze or fawn response, and stores memories of the event.

Answer 12

Amygdala

Question 13

What is Stress Response System?

Answer 13

Weak Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus; and Strong Hippocampus and Amygdala

Question 14

A mental health condition that can occur after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event.

Answer 14

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 15

Exposure to trauma can occur through direct experience, witnessing it firsthand, learning about violent or accidental events involving close individuals, or repeated exposure to traumatic details in professional settings. Media exposure is not considered traumatic unless work-relateded.

Answer 15

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 16

Presence of nine (or more) of the symptoms from any of the five categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred:d.

Answer 16

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 17

Includes involuntary and distressing memories, recurrent distressing dreams, dissociative reactions like flashbacks, and intense psychological or physical distress triggered by reminders of the trauma. In children, these reactions may manifest through play or unrecognizable nightmares.

Answer 17

Intrusion Symptoms of ASD

Question 18

Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., inability to experience happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings).

Answer 18

Negative Mood of ASD

Question 19

An altered sense of the reality of one’s surroundings or oneself (e.g., seeing oneself from another’s perspective, being in a daze, time slowing).

Answer 19

Dissociative Symptoms of ASD

Question 20

Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) (typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs).

Answer 20

Dissociative Symptoms of ASD

Question 21

Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).

Answer 21

Avoidance Symptoms of ASD

Question 22

Efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).

Answer 22

Avoidance Symptoms of ASD

Question 23

Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling or staying asleep, restless sleep); Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation), typically expressed as verbal or physical aggression toward people or objects; Hypervigilance; Problems with concentration;Exaggerated startle response

Answer 23

Arousal Symptoms of ASD

Question 24

The essential feature of _________ is the development of characteristic symptoms lasting from 3 days to 1 month following exposure to one or more traumatic events.

Answer 24

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 25

The full symptom picture must be present for at least 3 days after the traumatic event and can be diagnosed only up to 1 month after the event. Symptoms that occur immediately after the event but resolve in less than 3 days would not meet criteria for acute stress disorder.

Answer 25

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 26

May contain themes that are representative of or thematically related to the major threats involved in the traumatic event.

Answer 26

Distressing Dreams

Question 27

While dissociative responses are common during a traumatic event, only dissociative responses that persist beyond 3 days after trauma exposure are considered for the diagnosis of _________

Question 28

A detached sense of oneself (e.g., seeing oneself from the other side of the room)

Answer 28

Depersonalization

Question 29

Having a distorted view of one’s surroundings (e.g., perceiving that things are moving in slow motion, seeing things in a daze, not being aware of events that one would normally encode).

Answer 29

Derealization

Question 30

_______ cannot be diagnosed until 3 days after a traumatic event.

Answer 30

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 31

Short-term stress triggered by immediate demands or pressures, such as a sudden challenge or a specific event, and usually resolves quickly after the situation is over.

Answer 31

Acute Stress

Question 32

Occurs when someone experiences frequent episodes of acute stress, often due to a high-stress lifestyle or repeated stressful situations, leading to constant tension.

Answer 32

Episodic Stress

Question 33

Long-term, ongoing stress that persists over time, typically from enduring problems such as financial difficulties, an unhealthy relationship, or a stressful job, and can lead to significant health issues.

Answer 33

Chronic Stress

Question 34

A temporary condition, and symptoms typically persist for at least 2 to 4 weeks after the traumatic event.

Answer 34

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 35

Characterized by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, numbing of responsiveness, and persistent increase of arousal, it usually begins 3 months to a year after the event and may last a few months or years.

Answer 35

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 36

To be diagnosed with PTSD, an adult must have _____ of the following for at least 1 month:
• At least one re-experiencing symptom
• At least one avoidance symptom
• At least two arousal and reactivity symptoms
• At least two cognition and mood symptoms

Answer 36

all

Question 37

Reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating

Answer 37

Flashbacks

Question 38

Flashbacks, Bad Dreams and Frightening Thoughts

Answer 38

Re-Experiencing Symptoms of PTSD

Question 39

General numbing of responsiveness – emotions are dampened or even nonexistent.

Answer 39

Emotional Amnesia

Question 40

Being easily startled; Feeling tense or “on edge”; Having difficulty sleeping; Having angry outbursts

Answer 40

Arousal and Reactivity Symptoms of PTSD

Question 41

Usually constant, instead of being triggered by things that remind one of the traumatic events. These symptoms can make the person feel stressed and angry. They may make it hard to do daily tasks, such as sleeping, eating, or concentrating.

Answer 41

Arousal Symptoms

Question 42

Anexcessive fear reaction to unexpected stimuli, such as loud noises.

Answer 42

Exaggerated Startle Response

Question 43

Trouble remembering key features of the traumatic event; Negative thoughts about oneself or the world; Distorted feelings like guilt or blame; Loss of interest in enjoyable activities

Answer 43

Cognition and Mood Symptoms

Question 44

What Brain Areas are implicated in PTSD?

Answer 44

Amygdala, Pre-Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus

Question 45

For PTSD usually lasts 6 to 12 weeks, but it can last longer. Research shows that support from family and friends can be an important part of recovery.

Answer 45

Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy)

Question 46

This helps people face and control their fear. It gradually exposes them to the trauma they experienced in a safe way. It uses imagining, writing, or visiting the place where the event happened. The therapist uses these tools to help people with PTSD cope with their feelings.

Answer 46

Exposure Therapy

Question 47

This helps people make sense of the bad memories. Sometimes people remember the event differently than how it happened. They may feel guilt or shame about something that is not their fault. The therapist helps people with PTSD look at what happened in a realistic way.

Answer 47

Cognitive Restructuring

Question 48

The goal of the treatment is to work through and resolve an unconscious conflict that the traumatic event is thought to have provoked.

Answer 48

Psychodynamic Therapy

Question 49

The treatment of health conditions by using pharmaceutical products (drugs) as medication.

Answer 49

Pharmacotherapy

Question 50

A type of antidepressant drug that inhibits the reabsorption of serotonin by neurons, so increasing the availability of serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

Answer 50

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Question 51

Sertraline and Paroxetine

Answer 51

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Question 52

These medications function by inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can modulate mood, attention, and pain in individuals.

Answer 52

TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants)

Question 53

Imipramine and Amitriptyline

Answer 53

TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants)

Question 54

Work by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which prevents the breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine, thereby increasing their levels in the brain to improve mood and alleviate depression symptoms.

Answer 54

MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor)

Question 55

Phenelzine, Trazodone

Answer 55

MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor)

Question 56

Experiencing more stress than normally would be expected in response to a stressful or unexpected event, and the stress causes significant problems in relationships, at work or at school.

Answer 56

Adjustment Disorder

Question 57

The mental and physical symptoms associated with _______ usually occur during or immediately after experiencing a stressful event.

Answer 57

Adjustment Disorder

Question 58

While the disorder lasts no longer than six months, your symptoms may continue if the stressor isn’t removed

Answer 58

Adjustment Disorder

Question 59

rebellious or impulsive actions, anxiousness, feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or being trapped, crying, withdrawn attitude, lack of concentration, loss of self-esteem, suicidal thoughts

Answer 59

Mental Symptoms of Adjustment Disorder

Question 60

Insomnia, Muscle twitches or trembling, Fatigue, Body pain or soreness, Indigestion

Answer 60

Physical Symptoms of Adjustment Disorder

Question 61

People diagnosed with this type of adjustment disorder tend to experience feelings of sadness and hopelessness. It’s also associated with crying. You may also find that you no longer enjoy activities that you did formerly.

Answer 61

Adjustment Disorder With Depressed Mood

Question 62

Symptoms associated with this disorder include feeling overwhelmed, anxious, and worried. People with this disorder may have problems with concentration and memory.

Answer 62

Adjustment Disorder With Anxiety

Question 63

People with this kind of adjustment disorder experience both depression and anxiety.

Answer 63

Adjustment Disorder With Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood

Question 64

Symptoms of this type of adjustment disorder mainly involve behavioral issues like driving recklessly or starting fights. Teens with this disorder may steal or vandalize property. They might also start missing school.

Answer 64

Adjustment Disorder With Disturbance of Conduct

Question 65

Symptoms linked to this type of adjustment disorder include depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems.

Answer 65

Adjustment Disorder With Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct

Question 66

Those diagnosed with this disorder have symptoms that aren’t associated with the other types of adjustment disorder.

Answer 66

Adjustment Disorder Unspecified

Question 67

Experiencing psychological or behavioral symptoms within three months of an identifiable stressor or stressors occurring in your life

Answer 67

Adjustment Disorder

Question 68

Having more stress than would be ordinary in response to a specific stressor, or stress that causes issues with relationships, in school or at work, or experiencing both of these criteria

Answer 68

Adjustment Disorder

Question 69

A condition where a child doesn’t form healthy emotional bonds with their caretakers (parental figures), often because of emotional neglect or abuse at an early age.

Answer 69

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

Question 70

Most common among children who experience physical or emotional neglect or abuse.

Answer 70

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

Question 71

A relatively rare mental health condition that typically stems from early childhood neglect or inconsistent caregivers.

Answer 71

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Question 72

Will appear fearless around new adults, seek attention or comfort from strangers, and often wander off with unfamiliar people.

Answer 72

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Question 73

The adults were not able to meet the child’s needs related to comfort, attention, or affection

Answer 73

Social Neglect or Deprivation

Question 74

The people primarily responsible for childcare were frequently shifting or being inconsistent, like in the case of ever-changing foster care placements

Answer 74

Repetitive changes in caregivers

Question 75

Places where the number of children far outweighed the number of adults, so the child could not form a strong attachment (e.g., institutions and residential centers with high child-to-staff ratios).

Answer 75

Being raised in environments with limited access to relationships

Question 76

After witnessing a violent robbery, David, a 34-year-old, begins experiencing vivid flashbacks, difficulty sleeping, and a sense of numbness and detachment from reality. These symptoms began almost immediately after the robbery and have persisted for the past two weeks.

Answer 76

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 77

Sarah, a 30-year-old woman, was involved in a severe car accident six months ago. Since then, she has experienced recurrent nightmares and flashbacks of the accident. She avoids driving or even being near cars. She startles easily, feels constantly on edge, and experiences intense fear when reminded of the accident.

Answer 77

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 78

John, a 25-year-old, recently moved to a new city for a job. Although the job is well-paying, he has difficulty adjusting to the new environment. He feels anxious, irritable, and experiences occasional crying spells. These symptoms have persisted for the last three months, and his work performance has started to decline. However, his symptoms are not severe enough to be classified as a major depressive disorder.

Answer 78

Adjustment Disorder With Depressed Mood

Question 79

Maria, a 7-year-old girl, was placed in multiple foster homes during the first 3 years of her life. She now lives with a stable family but shows little interest in engaging with her parents. She avoids physical contact, doesn’t seek comfort when she’s upset, and generally appears emotionally detached, even from people who take care of her regularly.

Answer 79

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

Question 80

A 6-year-old child, Ben, was raised in an orphanage until he was 5 years old. After being adopted, his adoptive parents noticed that Ben seemed overly friendly with strangers. For example, when they went to the park, Ben would approach strangers, hug them, and even ask to go home with them. He showed no hesitation or fear in interacting with unknown adults.

Answer 80

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder