Lesson 4-5 Keywords

Question 1

Neutral stimulus

Answer 1

A stimulus that an animal has no prior association with and

that has no meaning to the animal

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

Any stimulus the animal has a natural association with;

for example, food or something that causes pain.

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

: A reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus;
for example, salivating when smelling food, or jerking back when experiencing
pain. Emotional reactions can also be considered unconditioned responses; for
example, feeling frightened when experiencing loud, sudden noises.

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

A once-neutral stimulus that, by being repeatedly
paired with an unconditioned stimulus (known as conditioning), now elicits an
unconditioned response.

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

A response that was originally unconditioned but now

occurs in reaction to a conditioned stimulus, due to the effects of conditioning.

Question 6

Conditioning

Answer 6

The repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned
stimulus, which causes the neutral stimulus to create the same response as
the unconditioned stimulus. After conditioning, the neutral stimulus is called
a conditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response is referred to as a
conditioned response.

Question 7

Habituation:

Answer 7

Habituation: Repeated exposure to a stimulus, which leads to a reduction in the
behavioral response that stimulus produces.

Question 8

Flooding

Answer 8

Constant exposure to a negatively conditioned stimulus, with the goal
of eliminating the fear response associated with the stimulus.

Question 9

Learned helplessness:

Answer 9

The condition of feeling powerless due to the repeated

inability to escape a negatively conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Counterconditioning:

Answer 10

The undoing of previous conditioning; generally trying to

change negatively conditioned stimuli into positively conditioned stimuli.

Question 11

Reinforcement:

Answer 11

Reinforcement: A consequence that results in the increase of behavior.

Question 12

Sensitization:

Answer 12

A process by which exposure to a neutral stimulus produces
an increased fearful response to the stimulus, often because of a negative
association with another stimulus.

Question 13

Systematic desensitization

Answer 13

A process by which a negatively conditioned
stimulus is presented in very small increments that doesn’t elicit a fear response,
with the goal of reversing the effects of sensitization.

Question 14

Punishment:

Answer 14

A consequence that results in the decrease of behavior.

Question 15

Positive reinforcement:

Answer 15

An event or stimulus is presented as a consequence for a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

An event or stimulus removed as a consequence for a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 17

Positive punishment:

Answer 17

An event or stimulus is presented as a consequence for a behavior, which DECREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 18

Negative punishment:

Answer 18

An event or stimulus is removed as a consequence for a Behavior, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.