Lesson 4&5

Question 1

A collection of individuals who have relation with one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree

Answer 1

Social Group

Question 2

It is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is that enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles

Answer 2

Interdependence

Question 3

A collection of people within a particular place and time

Answer 3

Aggregate

Question 4

Small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face to face and emotion based interactions over an extended period of time

Answer 4

Primary Groups

Question 5

Larger, less intimate and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective
Oriented relationship for a limited time

Answer 5

Secondary groups

Question 6

It proposes that people’s appreciation of their group membership is influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their group

Answer 6

Self categorized theory

Question 7

Is a group which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of identity

Answer 7

In-Group

Question 8

Is a group which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility

Answer 8

Out-Group

Question 9

Is a group which an individual compares himself or herself to

Answer 9

Reference Groups

Question 10

Refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or groups

Answer 10

Networks

Question 11

Networks are exclusive, limited and mostly defined by kinship (biologically)

Answer 11

Traditional societies

Question 12

Redefined the “safe and secure” arrangement provided by traditional networks by allowing the individual to become part of a more expanded and cosmopolitan network with overlapping circles of social interaction

Answer 12

Modern societies

Question 13

➢Refers to the process
whereby organisms undergo
various genetic and physical
changes that pave the way
for biological diversity.

Answer 13

Biological Evolution

Question 14

▪People learned how to
create tools and
equipment for daily tasks
and live together as a
society.

Answer 14

Technological Evolution

Question 15

▪The mutual interactive
evolution of human
biology and culture.

Answer 15

Biocultural Evolution

Question 16

Lowest stage of development which exemplified
by the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Answer 16

Savage Stage

Question 17

Middle stage of development where people
began learning agricultural techniques and the
domestication of animals.

Answer 17

Barbaric Stage

Question 18

Highest stage of development where people
learned writing.

Answer 18

Civilized Stage

Question 19

▪Postulated that the
accumulation of
private property
paved way for
the collapse of
primitive communities.

Answer 19

Friedrich Engels

Question 20

▪Came up with the perspective
that social institutions evolve
primarily due to the struggle
between the social classes.

Answer 20

Friedrich Engels
& Karl Marx

Question 21

▪Individual members
within societies engage
in a competition for
survival whereby the
superior ones dominate
those who are inferior
type.

Answer 21

Herbert Spencer

Question 22

•Earliest societies
•Small and nomadic family groups and
plainly organized
•Leadership was based on qualities
such as strength, intelligence and
trustworthiness.

Answer 22

Band-level Societies

Question 23

• a more normal social
  organization made up of
  several bands and groups
  that were connected through
  a clan or kinship.

Answer 23

Tribe

Question 24

– a formal
leader.

Answer 24

Headman

Question 25

– a formal
leader.

Answer 25

Headman

Question 26

• Consisted of
  tribes united under one
  leader or chief.

Answer 26

Chiefdom

Question 27

▪This event introduced
significant social, cultural
and political changes in
the lives of people .

Answer 27

The Industrial Revolution

Question 28

Effects of Industrial Revolution:

Answer 28

➢Increased migration
➢Growth of urban
populations
➢Changes in lifestyle
➢Increased production
➢Technological
advancement
➢Rise of the middle
class

Question 29

• Prices of goods and services
  are not dependent on
  government policies and are
  set freely based on interaction
  between supply and demand.

Answer 29

LAISSEZ-FAIRE (Let be)

Question 30

THEORIES ON SOCIETY AND STATE

Answer 30

1. Society as a Natural
   Institution
2. Society as social contract
3. Modernization theories

Question 31

“Human beings are by nature social
and political animals and those
human interactions fulfill certain
basic needs of man which is self -
sufficiency.” - Aristotle

Answer 31

SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION

Question 32

– the reflection of the natural
order.

Answer 32

Polis

Question 33

– composed of people who
govern.

Answer 33

State

Question 34

• those who are governed.

Answer 34

City

Question 35

– an agreement
by the members of society that
defines and influences their
interaction, particularly with
those in authority.

Answer 35

Social Contract

Question 36

“The agreement was
necessitated by the need
to guarantee the security
of people.The main role
of the political ruler was
to maintain order and
security within society.”
– Thomas Hobbes

Answer 36

Society as a Social
Contract

Question 37

“Social contract was needed
in order to guarantee the fair
and partial enforcement of the
law.The primary function of
the state is to guarantee that
individuals exercise their
rights to life, liberty and
property.” – John Locke

Answer 37

Society as a Social
Contract

Question 38

▪It asserts that societies evolve
in stages in relation to the
development of the means of
production and its ownership.
▪Society is seen as being in a
continuous state of conflict as the
different classes within society
attempt to control the means of
production.

Answer 38

Historical-Materialist Perspective
Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 39

ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MODERN
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES – MAX WEBER

▪State an attempt to logically justify
immoral, deviant or generally
unacceptable behavior.

Answer 39

Rationalization

Question 40

ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MODERN
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES – MAX WEBER

▪State of bureaucracy became larger in size and its
agencies became specialized requiring qualified
personnel.
▪“Bureau” French word for office
▪“kratos” Greek word for hierarchy
▪BUREAUCRACY – Rule by the officials

Answer 40

Bureaucratization

Question 41

Traditional Societies - Emile Durkheim

▪Sense of bonding within the
community based on similar
beliefs, values and activities
as well as kinship ties
between its members.

Answer 41

Mechanical Solidarity

Question 42

Traditional Societies - Emile Durkheim

▪ Division of labor is more specialized.

Answer 42

Organic Solidarity