lesson 4

Question 1

What is the pleasure principle

Answer 1

the instinctual drive to achieve pleasure and avoid unpleasure

Question 2

what is the reality principle?

Answer 2

the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle
- has to develop across time in order to be able to adapt
- see things for what they are not for what they want them to be

Question 3

how can parents impact this process?

Answer 3

Growing up can be seen as the long process of learning how to postpone immediate gratification, come to terms with reality (ex. Our limits) and bear pain of “delusion”, frustration and disappointments

Question 4

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 4

parents are high in demandingness (rules and expectations) but low in responsivness (sensitive to needs, expressing love, and concern
ex. requires obedience from their children and punish disobedience without compromise, but show a little warmth or affection toward them
- relationship is about control, differing perspectives are not allowed, meaningful communication usually flows one way

Question 5

Permissive parenting style

Answer 5

parents are low in demandingness but high in responsiveness
- Show love and affection towards their children but are permissive with regard to standard for behavior
- relationship indulges the child, entitlement, little control exercised

Question 6

disengaged parenting style

Answer 6

parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness
- relatively uninvolved
- associated with psychological issues with adolescents
- relationship in non-existent, no communication, no parenting

Question 7

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 7

parents are high in both demandingness and responsiveness
ex. love their children but also set clear standards for behavior and explain to their children the reasons for those standards
- relationship is about building mutual respect and trust, both perspectives honored, communication flows both ways

Question 8

positive effects

Answer 8

if parental control is exerted as supervision, behavioral control, or guide

Question 9

Negative effects (like externalizing behaviors)

Answer 9

if parental control is coercive or restrictive

Question 10

research finsings of adolescents from authoritative families

Answer 10

1. Perform better academically
2. Are more optimistic
3. Make better use of adaptive strategies
4. Have less drug use
5. Higher self concept
6. More behavioral regulation and are more resilient

Question 11

how is the authoritative parenting style closely related to various qualities of parent-adolescent cohesion

Answer 11

Associated with higher levels of parent adolescence cohesion and lower levels of conflict frequency, conflict intensity, and total conflict

Question 12

how is the authoritarian parenting style closely related to various qualities of parent-adolescent cohesion

Answer 12

Associated with lower cohesion, and higher conflict frequency, intensity, and total conflict

Question 13

what are some important parenting skills?

Answer 13

• empathy and communication
• reflection, containment, self-regulation
• flexibility
• seperateness

Question 14

What is mentalization?

Answer 14

being able to perceive and interpret human behavior in terms of intentional mental states

Question 15

Parental mentalization

Answer 15

• Our understanding of ourselves and others as mental agents grows out of interpersonal experience, particularly the child-caregiver relationship
• Critical in fostering healthy and positive relationships

Question 16

possible intervention

Answer 16

• Educate students and teenagers on dangers in the world
• Kids want to belong to something so they turn to something, have something at school to talk about these political things because kids are curious

Question 17

diminishing negative spirals and establishing positive ones

Answer 17

• neuroplasticity implies the importance. of providing key positive and learning experience
• need of healthy supports and scaffolding from parents, trusted adults, schools, and communities

Question 18

social influences of siblings

Answer 18

• they share the same family culture (shared values, norms, practices, attitudes)
• learn from one another and transmit beliefs (sibling socialization effect)
• might exert pressure to engage in specific activities/experiences (power of social norms, the importance of being accepted)

Question 19

what is the sibling socialization effect?

Answer 19

siblings learn from one another

Question 20

what should you know to understand family functioning

Answer 20

understand how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole

Question 21

key principles

Answer 21

• the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
• each subsystem (parental couple, mother-daughter, siblings) influences every other subsystem in the family
• a change in any family member or family subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium until the family system adjusts to the change