Lesson 3.1. Forgery Flashcards
is the act committed by any person who, with intent to defraud, signed the name of another, or of a fictitious person, knowing that he has no authority to do so; or falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any checks, draft and due-bills for the payment of money or property, or counterfeits or forges the seal or handwriting of another knowing the same to be fake, altered or forged or counterfeit with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person.
Forgery
is any writing by an individual other than their signature or initial.
EXTENDED WRITING
is the name of a person or any design or pattern written by his own hand as a representation or sign of acknowledgement.
SIGNATURE
What are the Classes Of Signatures
Formal Signatures
Informal Signatures
Careless Scribble
Used on wills or other important documents.
Formal Signatures
used on routine documents and personal corresponding.
Informal Signatures
used for signing credit cards, mail deliveries, autographs, or hotel registration forms.
Careless Scribble
What are the
Kinds of Signature
- Conventional
- Highly individualized or personalized
Kinds of signature
the letters are legible.
Conventional
kinds of signature
characterized by a series of intertwining stroke, ornamentation and flourishes.
Highly individualized or personalized
Is the combination of writing characters which are consistent with natural conditions surrounding the signed document.
Authentic Signature
has no fear of being accused as a forger does. He writes freely and subconsciously because he has been signing his signature for years.
Authentic writer
Characteristics of Authentic Signatures And Writing:
- Written rapidly
- Have Rhythm when written by experienced writer with proper health.
- May miss certain information
- Introduce certain other forms
- End Strokes Flourish
- Smooth
- Natural free flowing Appearance.
The signatures which are practiced illegally are not genuine are termed as forged signatures.
Forged Signatures
What are the Classification of Suspect Signature:
Forged signature where no attempt has been made to make a copy of the genuine signature of the person purporting to sign the document.
Forged signature of fictitious person.
Forged signature which closely resembles the genuine signature since they have been produced by a tracing process.
Forged signature which resembles the genuine signature, written freehand to produce what is known as simulated forgery.
Genuine signature which have been obtained by trickery.
Genuine signature which the writer are honestly unwilling to accept as genuine.
Genuine signatures which have been deliberately written illegibly or in an unusual manner, so as to afford the signatories some plausible grounds for disclaiming them should they deem it expedient.
Characteristics of Forged Signatures and Writing:
Appearance of being slowly written
Lack of Rhythm and Individuality
Unnatural Appearance
Appearance of being drawn
Attention towards formation of letters.
What are the KINDS OF SIGNATURE/ WRITING FORGERY
Simple Forgery
Simulated forgery
Traced forgery
Cut and Paste Forgery
Transplanted Forgery
Here the forger does not imitate the signature of the other person but he simply signs his own signature without any intention to imitate.
Simple Forgery
Here the forger practices the genuine signature and tries to imitate the same signature on the other document.
This is the copying of a signature or other writing by “drawing” it.
Simulated forgery
Here the forger traces the original signature on the other document. In this type, the writer traces over a signature or other writing. Because the writer does not write in his or her natural hand, it is not possible to identify the writer, but it is possible to determine if the writing was produced by tracing.
Traced forgery
how to determine a traced forgery?
This may be done with the following methods
* Carbon tracing.
* Simple tracing.
* Using transmitted light
authentic signature are scanned, copied and placed into a document.
Cut and Paste Forgery
it is usually done on the stamps.
Transplanted Forgery
Any changes made on the documents after its preparation and which changes the original meaning of the document.
ALTERATION OF DOCUMENTS
Points that an Investigator must take into consideration in cases of Alteration:
How was the alteration accomplished?
Is it possible to restore or decipher the altered parts or portion of the documents?
what are the Different Methods of Altering Document?
- Erasure
- Addition
- Substitution
- Interlineations or intercalations
- Obliteration or smeared over writing
- Super Imposition
removal of original entries by mechanical means.
Erasure
what are the two kinds of erasure?
- mechanical erasure
- chemical erasure
rubbing off with eraser or scrapping off with sharp pointed instrument.
Mechanical erasure
Ink eradicators or other bleaching solutions.
Chemical
Inserting other matter on existing space.
Addition
Replacing a genuine sheet in a document consisting of two or more sheets, or replacing a genuine document with a fraudulent one.
Substitution
insertion between lines.
Interlineations or intercalations
blacking out or smearing over portions of writings by some opaque substance.
Obliteration or smeared over writing
writing over an original writing taking away original entries.
Super Imposition
How to determine alteration on a Document?
- By transmitted light examination to determine if more light passes on a portion of a document.
- Presence of disturbance of fibers either by transmitted light or oblique light examination.
- Examination using TLC/ Thin Layer Chromatography, it is commonly used in determination of ink and by nature a destructive test.
- Examination using VSC, it allows the examiner to examine the document through infrared sensitive CCD as a detector.
