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Human Anatomy > Lesson 3: Tissues and Cells (Histology & The Integumentary System) > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Tissues and Cells (Histology & The Integumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the FOUR BASIC TISSUE TYPES?

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

(C.M.E.N.)

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2
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?
What are its functions?

A

Location: throughout the body!
- Covers all external and internal surfaces
- Lines body cavities and hollow organs
- Forms glands

Functions:
* Acts as a cover, lining, and barrier
- Physical protection
- Selective permeability
- Secretion
- Sensation

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3
Q

What are SIX SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS of epithelial tissue that distinguishes it from other tissue types?

A
  • HIGH CELLULARITY (so many cells packed together that the extracellular matrix is minimal)
  • POLARITY (tissue has two polar ends: apical, which is more superior, and basal, which is more deep)
  • ATTACHMENT (basal end of tissue is bound to basement membrane between outer skin and connective tissue)
  • AVASCULATIRY (tissue does not contain blood vessels)
  • INNERVATION (the presence of sensory nerve endings can connect tissue to nervous system)
  • REGENERATION (high regenerative capacity to repair and renew itself by replacing damaged or lost cells)
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4
Q

What is an INTERCELLULAR JUNCTION?

A

A connection between cells

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5
Q

Can you name the FIVE TYPES OF INTERCELLUAR JUNCTIONS in epithelial tissue?

A

1) Tight Junctions
2) Adhering Junctions (anchoring)
3) Desmosomes (anchoring)
4) Hemidesmosomes (anchoring)
5) Gap Junctions

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6
Q

What is the function of TIGHT JUNCTIONS?

A

Tight junctions make cells impermeable (they create a seal between adjacent cells in order to protect from external substances)

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7
Q

What is the function of ANCHORING JUNCTIONS? What does each type do?

A

Anchoring junctions hold the cells in place:
- Adhering Junctions provide adhesion between cells by linking their actin cytoskeletons (think belt)
- Desmosomes hold adjacent epithelial cells together (think button)
- Hemidesmosomes hold epithelial cells to the basement membrane (hemi = half)

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8
Q

What is the function of GAP JUNCTIONS?

A

Gap junctions form direct connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells (allowing them to communicate and coordinate nutrient exchange)

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9
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A

According to CELL SHAPE and LAYERS:

  • Cell Shape:
  • Squamous (flat disk)
  • Cuboidal (medium cube)
  • Columnar (taller cylinder)

Layers:
- Simple Epithelium (one layer)
- Stratified Epithelium (multiple layers)
- Pseudostratified Epithelium (appears to be multiple layers, but contains single layer spots)

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10
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of SIMPLE SQUAMOUS epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: single layer of flat disks

Functions:
- diffusion (which facilitates)
- filtration (of oxygen and co2)

Locations:
- lung air sacs (alveoli)
- lining of blood vessels
- serous membranes

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11
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: single layer of cubed juice-filled candies

Functions:
- absorption
- secretion

Locations:
- kidney tubules
- glands

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12
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of SIMPLE COLUMNAR epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: single layer of taller cylinders

Functions:
- absorption
- secretion
- movement (if ciliated!)

Locations:
* non-ciliated are found in stomach and intestines
* ciliated are found in uterine tubes

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13
Q

What are CILIA?

A

Cilia are microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of certain eukaryotic cells. They play essential roles in movement, sensory functions, and maintaining healthy tissue environments.

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14
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: very thick, dense wall of disk-like squamous cells

Functions:
- protection

Locations:
- epidermis of skin
- oral cavity lining
- pharynx lining
- esophagus lining
- vagina lining
- anus lining

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15
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: taller cylinders that appear to be stratified, but don’t always contain multiple layers

Functions:
- protection
- movement (if ciliated)

Locations:
- upper respiratory tract
(nasal cavity and trachea)

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16
Q

Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of TRANSITIONAL epithelial tissues.

A

Structure: can change!!

Functions:
- distention and relaxation of urinary structures

Locations:
- ureters (from kidneys to bladder)
- bladder
- urethra (from bladder to toilet)

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17
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF GLANDS found in the body? How do they differ?

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
- secrete things into bloodstream
(INTO the body fluids WITHOUT DUCTS)

EXOCRINE GLANDS:
- secrete things out of the body
(EXIT the body WITH DUCTS)

  • Only exocrine glands have ducts
    (“what do you do when you see your ‘ex’ on campus? you DUCT:)
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18
Q

What are the TWO CATEGORIES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS

A

1) SEBACEOUS (oil) Glands
* Produce sebum (zit pus)

2) SUDORIFEROUS (sweat) Glands
* Produce thinner substance (sudor)

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19
Q

What are the THREE TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS? What is the difference between each?

A

1) MEROCRINE (Sudoriferous)
- Most numerous
- Produce watery sweat
- Found almost everywhere

2) APOCRINE (Sudoriferous)
- Produce viscous sweat and milk! (packaged in secretory vesicles)
- Found in near armpits, nipples, anus, and genitals
- APICAL portion of the cell is being chopped off and secreted!

3) HOLOCRINE (Sebaceous)
- Produce thickest substance (zit pus)
- Entire cells die and leave the body
* Think “whole” or “holocaust”

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20
Q

What are the basic characteristics and functions of CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A

Structure: LOW CELLULARITY
sparse cells in an extracellular matrix (which is made up of protein fibers and ground substance)

Functions:
- Physical Protection
- Support and Structural Framework
- Binding of Structures
- Storage
- Transport (blood)
- Immune Protection

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the extracellular matrix and GROUND SUBSTANCE?

A

Extracellular Matrix = Stuff Surrounding Cells

Extracellular Matrix = Protein Fibers + Ground Substance

Ground Substance:
- usually a gel-like fluid (mainly water)
- can also be mineralized and solid, as in bones

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22
Q

Describe the THREE PROTEIN FIBER TYPES within connective tissue.

A

1) ELASTIC FIBERS:
- capable of returning to their original position (but not necessarily stretchy)

2) COLLAGEN FIBERS:
- much thicker and stronger than elastic
- good for resisting stress in one direction

3) RETICULAR FIBERS:
- very thin fibers that can overlap and form a net-like structure

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23
Q

Which FOUR CELL TYPES are present in connective tissue? Which one produces protein fibers?

A

1) MESENCHYMAL CELLS: stem cells of all connective tissue (as they mature, they choose a pathway)
* In Connective Tissue Proper, mesenchymal cells mature into fibroblast cells

2) FIBROBLAST CELLS: the builders of elastic, collagen, and reticular fibers

3) MACROPHAGE CELLS: the big eaters (garbage men of the connective tissue)
* Macro = Big, ,Phage = Eater

4) ADIPOCYTE CELLS: fat cells (store energy for future, provide insulation, and cushion/protect the body)

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24
Q

What is the common origin of all connective tissue?

A

MESENCHYME (elementary kid)

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25
What are the THREE MAIN KINDS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
1) Connective Tissue Proper 2) Supporive Connective Tissue 3) Fluid Connective Tissue
26
Which TWO SUBCATEGORIES exist within the CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER?
1) Loose (more ground substance) 2) Dense (more protein fibers)
27
What are the SIX TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER? Which ones are "loose" and which ones are "dense"?
LOOSE ("AAR"): 1) Areolar Connective Tissue 2) Adipose Connective Tissue 3) Reticular Connective Tissue DENSE ("RIE"): 4) Dense Regular Connective Tissue 5) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 6) Elastic Connective Tissue ("Pirates with loose teeth say ARR when they chomp on the dense RIE bread")
28
Which TWO GROUPS exist within the SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
1) Bone 2) Cartilage
29
Which ONE GROUP exists within the FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
1) Blood
30
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - abundant ground substance is gel-like liquid - scattered fibroblasts - many blood vessels Functions: - surrounds and protects tissues & organs (LIKE PACKING PEANUTS) - LOOSELY BINDS EPITHELIA (skin) TO DEEPER TISSUES (basement membrane) Locations: - subcutaneous layer under skin - papillary layer of dermis - surrounds organs
31
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - abundant ground substance is gel-like liquid - closely packed ADIPOCYTES (FAT CELLS) - nucleus squeezed to one side of cells by large fat droplets Functions: - stores energy - protects - cushions - insulates Locations: - subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - covers and surrounds some organs
32
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - abundant ground substance is gel-like liquid - scattered arrangement of RETICULAR (NET-LIKE) FIBERS, fibroblasts, and leukocytes (white blood cells) Functions: - provides supportive framework for lymphatic organs and bone marrow Locations: - LYMPHATIC ORGANS (lymph nodes, spleen) - BONE MARROW
33
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - scarce ground substance - densely packed, PARALELL COLLAGEN FIBERS- fibroblast between layers of fibers Functions: - resists stress applied in one direction (LIKE PVC PIPES) Locations: - tendons - ligaments
34
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - sparse ground substance - COLLAGEN FIBERS RANDOMLY ARRANGED and clumped together - fibroblasts among fibers Functions: - withstands stresses in ALL DIRECTIONS (but not as strong) Locations: - dermis of skin (cheeks withstanding stress in all directions) - periosteum covering bone - organ capsules
35
Describe the basic structure, functions, and locations of ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Structure: - predominantly branching elastic fibers - fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers Functions: - allows stretching of some organs (returns to original form) Location: - Walls of large ELASTIC ARTERIES and BRONCHIAL TUBES
36
Describe the basic structure of the SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES (cartilage and bone).
Cartilage: semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes Bone: calcified matrix containing osteocytes
37
Describe the basic structure of the FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPE (blood).
Blood: contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets; soluble (dissolved) protein fibers and a watery ground substance
38
What are the the causes and symptoms of GANGRENE?
Causes: - lack of blood flow - mechanical injury - bacterial infection or diabetes Symptoms: - change of skin color - severe pain - swelling - numbness - sores that discharge
39
Describe the size and thickness of the INTEGUMENT.
Size: 1.5 - 2.0 square meters of skin Thickness: 1.5 - 4.0 millimeters * THE INTEGUMENT IS THE LARGEST BODY ORGAN! (7-8% of body weight)
40
What are the SEVEN FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENT?
1) Protection 2) Prevents loss of water 3) Temperature regulation (blood flow) 4) Metabolic regulation 5) Immune defense (dendritic cells) 6) Sensory receptors 7) Excretion by means of secretion
41
Briefly describe the THREE BASIC LAYERS OF SKIN.
EPIDERMIS: most superficial - made of epithelial tissue (specifically stratified squamous!) DERMIS: deep to epidermis - made of connective tissue (specifically dense irregular tissue!) HYPODERMIS: deep to dermis - made of connective tissue (specifically adipose tissue!) * NOT PART OF INTEGUMENT
42
List the STRUCTURES (other than the three layers of skin tissue) INCLUDED IN THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.
Nails, Hair, and Glands (sebaceous & sudoriferous) * Integument = "covering"
43
Name and briefly describe the FIVE LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS. * Which one is found in thick skin?
--> from superficial to deep: 1) Stratum Corneum ("can") 2) Stratum Lucidum ("loud") * ONLY FOUND IN THICK SKIN (this thin, transparent layer reduces friction in HANDS AND FEET) 3) Stratum Granulosum ("girls") 4) Stratum Spinosum ("sing") 5) Stratum Basale ("base?") * Stratum = Layer
44
What type of cells are found in ALL OF THE EPIDERMAL LAYERS?
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (KERATINOCYTES)
45
What are the FOUR CELL TYPES FOUND IN THE EPIDERMIS? Describe the location and function of each cell type.
1) KERATINOCYTES - located in every layer of epidermis - protect and waterproof 2) EPIDERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS - located in stratum spinosum layer - kill pathogens ("with its spine") 3) TACTILE (MERKEL) CELLS - located in stratum basale layer - provides our brain with sensory info 4) MELANOCYTES - located in stratum basale layer - produce melanin (which decreases effects of UV radiation and makes skin appear darker)
46
What three things contribute to skin color? How are they different?
HEMOGLOBIN: reddish - protein found in red blood cells MELANIN: brownish - pigment responsible for skin tones CAROTENE: orangish/yellow - carotenoid obtained by food
47
What two characteristics set the DERMIS apart from the epidermis?
The dermis is: 1) vascular (contains blood vessels) 2) innervated (contains nerves)
48
What are the TWO LAYERS OF THE DERMIS? Which type of connective tissue is each made up of?
1) Papillary Layer (papilla = nipple-like) - made of areolar c.t. 2) Reticular Layer (reticular = net-like) - made of dense irregular c.t.
49
What is the purpose of "EPIDERMAL RIDGES" and "DERMAL PAPILLAE"?
The nipple-like structures (dermal papillae) fit nicely into the epidermal ridges, creating a much stronger connection between the dermis and epidermis. * Friction Ridges --> Finger Prints!
50
Describe the structure of the dermis using your understanding of connective tissue cells and the extracellular matrix.
The dermis is composed of connective tissue, which includes MESENCHYMAL CELLS, FIBROBLAST CELLS, MACROPHAGE CELLS, and ADIPOCYTE CELLS. The extracellular matrix is much more loose in the papillary layer of the dermis (because it's areolar c.t.) and much more dense in the reticular layer of the dermis (because it's dense irregular c.t.)
51
Describe the THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE PAPILLARY LAYER of the dermis.
(Hint: This layer is rich in blood vessels and sensory nerve endings.) 1) Supports the avascular epidermis 2) Innervation = provides sensory input 3) Vascular = provides vital nutrients via blood vessels AND thermoregulation
52
Describe the TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE RETICULAR LAYER of the dermis.
(Hint: This layer is thick and rich in collagen fibers.) 1) Provides skin with STRENGTH and ELASTICITY (durability amid change) 2) Houses GLANDS and HAIR FOLLICLES (which are made of epithelial tissue)
53
What are the the (two or three) structures that are typically found in the reticular layer?
1) Glands (sudoriferous and sebaceous) 2) Hair Follicles
54
Describe the structure and functions of the HYPODERMIS (a.k.a. subcutaneous tissue).
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous) Structure: - made of AREOLAR (packing peanuts) and ADIPOSE (fat cells) connective tissue - not considered part of the integument Functions: - anchors skin to underlying structures - thermal insulation - energy reservoir
55
Describe the basic structure of NAILS.
Nails are scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin. Structures include: - Nail Matrix (under skin) - Lunula (white part) - Cuticle (tiny skin over lunula) - Free Edge (what gets clipped)
56
What are the THREE HAIR TYPES?
1) Lanugo (fetal) 2) Vellus (fine hair on most of the body) 3) Terminal (head, pubic region, armpit, male facial hair)
57
Describe the STRUCTURE OF HAIR.
- Hair Follicle (surrounds hair) - Root (hair beneath surface) - Shaft (hair above surface) - Contains keratin - Arrector pili muscle (->goose bumps)
58
What are the THREE FUNCTIONS OF HAIR?
1) Protection 2) Sense touch 3) Reduce heat loss
59
At what rate does hair grow? What are the TWO GROWTH CYCLES of hair?
Rate of hair growth: about 2 mm/week Growth cycles: * Dormant phase (3-4 months) * Active phase (2-7 years) * Balding (alopecia, diffuse hair loss, male pattern baldness)
60
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD-DEGREE BURNS.
First-Degree: damage to epidermis Second-Degree: damage to epidermis and part of dermis Third-Degree: damage to entire epidermis and dermis
61
Name and describe THREE TYPES OF SKIN CANCER.
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA: - Most common type - Least dangerous type - Originates in stratum basale SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: - Arises from keratinocytes MALIGNANT MELANOMA - Most deadly type - Arises from melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole) - Early detection is crucial
62
What causes ACNE? (including whiteheads and blackheads)
Plugged sebaceous ducts
63
What causes BALDNESS? (alopecia)
* Genetic influences * Hormonal influences - Testosterone causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair
64
What causes BIRTHMARKS? (brown, red, purple)
A "nevus" (mole or birthmark) comes from a localized overgrowth of melanin-forming cells (brown) Birthmarks can be different colors depending on if they stem from melanin or blood vessels that form benign tumors (red to purple).
65
What causes BLISTERS?
There are many causes: - friction - injury - allergic reactions - infections - disease - mediation - radiation * Form between epidermis and dermis
66
What causes CLEAVAGE LINES? (in surgery)
The specific orientation of collagen bundles
67
What causes FINGER PRINTS?
Formed by large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis
68
What causes MOLES?
Overgrowth of melanin-forming cells * Harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant
69
What causes FRECKLES?
Excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells
70
What causes GOOSEBUMPS?
The arrector pili muscle when high emotion or cold (vestigial in humans)
71
What causes STRETCHMARKS?
Torn collagen
72
What causes SUN TANNING?
Melanin being produced by melanocytes in the skin when exposed to the sun
73
What produces WRINKLES?
Decreased flexibility and thickness of dermis

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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