Lesson 3: Intellectual Revolutions and Society

Question 1

refer to the
series of events that led to the
emergence of modern science and the
progress of scientific thinking across
critical periods in history

Answer 1

Intellectual revolutions

Question 2

The three major intellectual revolutions
in the history that altered the way
humans view science are:

Answer 2

Copernican,

Darwinian, Freudian

Question 3

According to Jean Sylvain Bailley
(1976), these scientific revolutions
involved two-stage process:

Answer 3

• sweeping away the old and

* establishing the new

Question 4

Intellectual revolutions can be also noted as

Answer 4

paradigm shift

Question 5

A Polish mathematician and astronomer
who formulated the heliocentric model of
the universe.

Answer 5

Nicolaus Copernucus

Question 6

He introduced the heliocentric model in a

40-page outline entitled

Answer 6

Commentariolus.

Question 7

In his model, Copernicus repositioned the
Earth from the center of the Solar System
and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates
on its axis

Answer 7

copernican revolution

Question 8

He is an astronomer and a
mathematician and he is the proponent of
the geocentric model of the solar system.
He believed that the Earth is the center of
the universe and the sun, moon and other
planets revolve around it.

Answer 8

Ptolemy

Question 9

he introduced the idea of the
heliocentric model of the solar system
wherein the sun is at the center of the solar
system and the earth rotates on its own axis.
The Earth, together with other heavenly
bodies revolves around the sun

Answer 9

Copernicus

Question 10

This idea of Copernicus was not easily
believed by the society. His model met huge
resistance especially from the Church and
accused Copernicus of

Answer 10

heresy

Question 11

The heliocentric model was soon accepted
by the other scientists of that time with the
help of the ideas and discoveries of other
scientists most profoundly by

Answer 11

Galileo Galilei

Question 12

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE COPERNICAN

REVOLUTION

Answer 12

It marked the beginning of modern
astronomy.

It served as a catalyst to sway scientific
thinking away from age-long views about
the position of the Earth

It paved way to the discovery of other
planets and more understanding of the
universe.

Question 13

THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION BY

Answer 13

Charles Darwin

Question 14

An English naturalist, geologist and
biologist best known for his contribution on
evolution

Answer 14

Charles Darwin

Question 15

His book entitled __ which contains
theories of evolution with compelling
evidence

Answer 15

On the Origin of Species

was published in 1859

Question 16

During his time, CHARLES DARWIN studied and gathered evidences pointing to what is now known as

Answer 16

natural selection

Question 17

an evolutionary
process by which organisms, including
humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits
that favors survival and reproduction

Answer 17

natural selection

Question 18

Same as Copernicus’ theory, Darwin’s
theory of evolution met resistance and
considered to be

Answer 18

controversial.

Question 19

Charles Darwin studied finches as one of
his evidences to support his theory of natural
selection.

Answer 19

NATURAL SELECTION

Question 20

The species of finches in Galapagos
archipelago have different shape and
forms of beak

In his theory, these finches evolved and have
different shapes of beaks depending on the
food available where it lives. Finches need
to adapt to their environment to be able to
survive. The forms and characteristics of the
species that adapted to its environment were
passed on to its offspring

Answer 20

NATURAL SELECTION

Question 21

Figure 6 also explains how natural selection
work. Since only the tan mice survives over
time, the population of white mice were not
able to reproduce, thus variation of white
mice will become extinct in the near future

Answer 21

NATURAL SELECTION

Question 22

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis and was a revolutionary in
his way
of seeing humans and our minds.

Answer 22

Sigmund Freud

Question 23

It is a method of understanding
inner and unconscious conflicts embedded
within one’s personality

Answer 23

Psychoanalysis

Question 24

Freud pointed out that inside each of us,
there’s a side we can’t access directly or in a
conscious way,

Answer 24

the unconscious

Question 25

Freud’s psychoanalysis immediately shot

into controversy for

Answer 25

it emphasized the
existence of the unconscious where feelings,
thoughts, urges, emotion and memories are
contained of one’s conscious mind.

Question 26

Psychoanalytic concepts of psychosexual

development, libido and ego were

Answer 26

met with
both support and resistance from many
scholars.

Question 27

Amidst these controversies, Freud’s

psychoanalysis is widely credited for

Answer 27

dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the

early 20th century