Lesson 3 - Eukaryotic cells 1 Flashcards
meaning cytoplasm
a jelly-like liquid that makes up the bulk of the cell and contains the organelles
meaning nucleus
an organelles containing the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as protein, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores
meaning protoplasm
the cytoplasm and nucleus combined
meaning ultrastructure
the detailed organisation of the cell
meaning chromatin
the granular combination of DNA bonded to protein found in the nucleus, when the cell is not actively dividing
meaning nucleolus
an extra dense area of almost pure DNA and protein found in the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes and control of growth and division
meaning mitochondria
rod-like structures with inner and outer membranes that are the site of aerobic respiration
meaning cristae
the infoldings of the inner membrane and the mitochondria which provide a large surface area for the reactions of aerobic respiration
meaning eubacteria
true bacteria
meaning endosymbiotic theory
a theory that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplast originated as independent prokaryotic organisms that began living symbiotically inside other cells as endosymbionts
meaning centrioles
bundles of tubules found near the nucleus and involved in cell division by the production of a spindle in microtubules that move the chromosomes to the ends of the cell
meaning spindle
a set of overlapping protein microtubules running the length of the cell, formed as the centrioles pull apart in mitosis and meiosis
meaning cytoskeleton
a dynamic, 3D web-like structure made up of microfilaments and microtubules that fills the cytoplasm and gives the structure, keeping the organelles in place and enabling cell movements and transport within the cell
meaning microfilaments
proteins fibres that make up part of the structure of the cytoskeleton
meaning microtubules
small protein tubes that make up part of the structure of the cytoskeleton
meaning vacuole
a fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell surrounded by a membrane
meaning contractile vacuole
vacuoles that can fill and empty to help control the concentration of the cytoplasm of simple freshwater animals
what is the largest organelles
the nucleus
how does the mitochondria produce ATP
the site of aerobic respiration, where simple molecules are oxidised during respiration, producing ATP
when does the mitochondria replicate
when the cell divides, under the control of the nucleus - the mitochondrial DNA is part of whole organism’s genome
how many tubules does 1 centriole contain
9
what are microtubules made up of
the globular proteins tubulin
