Lesson 3 - Concepts Flashcards
Internet
an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies and individuals.
Web
one of the Internet’s most popular services, providing access to billions and perhaps trillions of Web pages.
packet switching
a method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination
packets
the discrete units in which digital messages are sliced for transmission over the internet
router
special-purpose computer that interconnects the computer networks that make up the internet and routes packets to their ultimate destination as they travel the Internet
routing algorithm
computer program that ensures that packets take the best available path toward their destination
protocol
a set of rules and standards for data transfer
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP)
the core communications protocol for the internet
TCP
protocol that establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers and handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their reassembly at the receiving end
IP
protocol that provides the Internet’s addressing scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets
Network Interface Layer
responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium
Internet Layer
Responsible for addressing, packaging and routing messages on the Internet
Transport Layer
responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and sequencing the packets to and from the application
Application Layer
provides a wide variety of applications with the ability to access the services of the lower layers
IPv4 Internet Address
Internet address expressed as a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as 64.49.254.91
IPv6 Internet Address
Internet Address expressed as a 128-bit number
domain name
IP address expressed in a natural language
Domain Name System ( DNS)
system for expressing numeric IP addresses in a natural language
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
the address used by a Web browser to identify the location of the content on the Web
client/server computing
a model of computing in which client computers are connected in a network together with one or more server
client
a powerful desktop computer that is part of a network
server
networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client computers on the network need
cloud computing
model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software and other services are provided as a shared pool of virtualized resources over the Internet
public cloud
third-party service providers that own and manage large, scalable data centers that offer computing, data storage, and high speed internet to multiple customers, who pay for only the resources they use
private cloud
provides similar options as public cloud but only to a single tenant
hybrid cloud
offers customers both a public cloud and a private cloud
HyperText Transfer Protocol ( HTTP)
the internet protocol used for transferring Web pages
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP)
the Internet protocol used to send mail to a server
Post Office Protocol 3 ( POP3)
a protocol used by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet server
Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP)
a more current e-mail protocol that allows users to search, organize, and filter their mail prior to downloading it from the server
File Transfer Protocol ( FTP)
one of the original Internet services. Part of the TCP/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client computer, and vice versa.
Telnet
a terminal emulation program that runs in TCP/in
Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL)/ Transport Layer Security ( TLS
protocols that secure communications between the client and the server
PING
a program that allows you to check the connection between your client and the server
Tracert
one of several route-tracing utilities that allow you to follow the path of a message you send from your client to a remote computer on the Internet
Network Technology Substrate layer
layer of Internet technology that is composed of telecommunications networks and protocols
Transport Services and Representation Standards layer
layer of Internet architecture that houses the TCP/IP protocol
Applications layer
layer of Internet architecture that contains client applications
Middleware Services Layer
the “ glue” that ties the application s to the communications networks and includes such services as security, authentication, addresses and storage repositories.
Tier 1 Internet Service Providers ( Tier 1 ISPs)
own and control the major long-haul fiber optica cable networks comprising the Internet’s backbone
backbone
high bandwidth fiber-optic cable that transports data across the Internet
bandwidth
measures how much data can be transferred over a communications medium within a fixed perior of time; is usually expressed in bits per second ( bps), kilobits per second ( Kbps), megabits per second ( Mbps), or gigabits per second ( Gbps)
redundancy
multiple duplicate devices and paths in a network
Internet Exchange Points
hubs where the backbone intersects with local and regional networks and where the backbone owners connect with one another
Campus area network ( CAN)
generally, a local area network operating within a single organization that leases access to the Web directly from regional and national carriers
Internet Service Provides ( ISP)
firm that provides the lowest level of service in the multi-tiered internet architecture by leasing internet access to home owners, small businesses, and some large instituitions
Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL)
delivers high-speed access through ordinary telephone lines found in homes or businesses
FiOS ( fiber-optic service)
a form of DSL that provides speeds of up to 500Mbps
cable internet
piggybacks digital access to the Internet on top of the analog video cable providing television signals to a home
t1
an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54Mbps
T3
an international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 45Mbps
satellite internet
high speed broadband Internet access provided via satellite
intranet
a TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of communications and information processing
latency
delays in messages caused by the uneven flow of information packets through the network
Internet2
advanced networking consortium of more than 350 member institutions working in partnership to facilitate the development, deployment, and use of revolutionary internet technologies.
fiber-optic cable
consists of up to hundreds of strands of glass or plastic that use light to transmit data
Wi-Fi
Wireless standard for Ethernet networks with greater speed and range than Bluetooth
Bluetooth
technology standard for short-range wireless communication under 30 feet
differentiated quality of service (diffserv)
a new technology that assigns levels of priority to packets based on the type of data being transmitted
Internet of THings ( IoT)
Use of the Internet to connect a wide variety of devices, machine, and sensors
Mosaic
Web browser with a graphical user interface ( GUI) that made it possible to view documents on the Web graphically
universal computing
The sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video, and other objects across all computer platforms in the world, regardless of operating system.
Netscape Navigator
the first commercial Web browser
Internet Explorer
Microsoft’s Web Browser
Hypertext
a way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect documents to one another, and that also link pages to other objects such as sound, video, or animation files.
HyperText Markup Language ( HTML)
GML that is relatively easy to use in Web Page design. HTML provides Web Page designers with a fixed set of markup “ tags” that are used to format a Web page.
Extensive Markup Language ( XML)
a markup language specification developed by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C) that is designed to describe data and information.
Web Server Software
a software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client computers on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request.
database server
server designed to access specific information within a database
ad server
server designed to deliver targeted banner ads
mail server
server that provides e-mail messages
video server
server that serves video clips
Web client
any computing device attached too the Internet that is capable of making HTTP request and displaying HTML pages, most commonly a Windows PC or Macintosh
Web browser
software program who primary purpose is to display Web pages
electronic mail ( e-mail)
the most used application of the Internet. Uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound and
video clips to be transferred from one Internet user to another.
attachment
a file inserted within an e-mail message
instant messaging (IM)
displays words typed on a computer almost instantaneously. Recipients can then respond immediately to the sender the same way, making the communication more like a live conversation that is possible through e-mail
search engine
identifies Web pages that appear to match keywords, also called queries, entered by the user and then provides a list of the best matches
online forum
a Web application that allows Internet users to communicate with each other, although not in real time
streaming media
enables music, video, and other large files to be sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, the file comes through uniterrupted,
cookie
a tool used by Web sites to store information about a user. When a visitor enter a Web site, the site sends a small text file ( the cookie) to the user’s computer so that information from the site can be loaded more quickly on future visits. The cookie can contain any information desired by the site designers.
blog
personal Web page that is created by an individual or corporation to communicate with readers
Really Simple Syndication ( RSS)
program that allows users to have digital content, including text, articles, blogs, and podcast audio files, automatically sent to their computers over the Internet
podcast
an audio presentation - such as a radio show, audio from a movie, or simply a personal audio presentation - stored as an audio file and posted to the Web
wiki
Web application that allows a user to easily add and edit content on a Web page
IP telephony
a general term for the technologies that use VoIp and the Internet’s packet -switched network to transmit voice and other forms of audio comunication over the Internet
Voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIp)
protocol that allows for transmission of voice and other forms of audio communication over the Internet
SWOT analysis
describes a firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
systems development life cycle ( SDLC)
a methodology for understanding the business objectives of any system and designing an appropriate solution
business objectives
capabilities you want your site to have
system functionalities
types of information system capabilities you will need to achieve your business objectives
information requirements
the information elements that the system must produce in order to achieve the business objectives
system design specification
describes the flow of information at your e-commerce site, the processing functions that must be performed, the databases that will be used, the security and emergency backup procedures that will be instituted and the controls that will be used in the system
physical design
translates the logical design into physical components
outsourcing
hiring an outside vendor to provide the services you cannot perform with in-house personnel
WordPress
open source content management and website design tool
content management system ( CMS)
organizes, stores and processes Web site content
co-location
when a firm purchases or leases a Web server ( and has a total control over its operation) but locates the server in a vendor’s physical facility. The vendor maintains the facility, communications lines, and the machinery
unit testing
involves testing the site’s program modules one at a time
system testing
involves testing the site as a whole, ina way the typical user will use the site
acceptance testing
verifies that the business objectives of the system as originally conceived are in fact working
A/B testing ( split testing)
involves showing two versions of a Web page or Web site to different users to see which one performs better
multivariate testing
involves identifying specific elements, creating versions for each element, and then creating a unique combination of each element and version to test
benchmarking
a process in which the site is compared with those of competitors in terms of response speed, quality of layout and design.
system architecture
the arrangement of software, machinery and tasks in an information system needed to achieve a specific functionality
two-tier architecture
e-commerce system architecture in which a Web server responds to requests for Web pages and a database server provides backend data storage
multi-tier architecture
e-commerce system architecture in which the Web server is linked to a middle-tier layer that typically includes a series of application servers that perform specific tasks as well as backend layer of existing corporate systems
site management tools
verify that links on pages are still valid and also identify orphan files
dynamic page generation
the contents of a Web page are stored as objects in a database, rather than being hard-coded in HTML. When the user requests a Web page, the contents for that page are then fetched from the database
CMS ( Content management system)
used to create and manage web content
Web application server
software program that provides specific business functionality required of a Web site
e-commerce merchant server software
software that provides the basic functionality needed for online sales, including an online catalog, order taking via online shopping cart, and online credit card processing
online catalog
list of products available on a Web site
shopping cart
allows shoppers to set aside desired purchases in preparation for checkout, review what they have selected, edit their selections as necessary and then actually make the purchase by clicking a button
merchant server software package ( e-commerce software platform)
offers an integrated environment that provides most or all of the functionality and capabilities needed to develop a sophisticated, customer centric site
open source software
software that is developed by a community of programmers and designers, and is free to use and modify
hardware platform
refers to all the underlying computing equipment that the system uses to achieve its e-commerce functionality
stateless
refers to the fact that the server does not hae to maintain an ongoing, dedicated interaction with teh client
I/O intensive
requires input/output operations rather than heavy- duty processing power
scalability
the ability of a site to increase in size as demand warrants
vertical scaling
increasing the processing power of individuals component
horizontal scaling
employing multiple computers to share the workload
Common Gateway Interface ( CGI)
a set of standards for communication between a browser and a program running on a server that allows for interaction between the user and the server
Active Server Pages ( ASP)
a proprietary software development tool that enables programmers using Microsoft’s IIS package to build dynamic pages
ASP.NET
successor to ASP
Java
A programming language that allows programmers to create interactivity and active content on the client computer, thereby saving considerable load on the server
Java Server Pages (JSP)
like CGI and ASP, a Web page coding standard that allows developers to dynamically generate Web pages in response to user requests
JavaScript
A programming language invented by Netscape that is used to control the objects on an HTML page and handle interactions with the browser
ActiveX
a programming language created by Microsoft to compete with Java
VBScript
a programming language invented by Microsoft to compete with Havascript
ColdFusion
an integrated server-side environment for developing interactive Web applications
PHP
open source, general purpose scripting language
Ruby on Rails ( RoR or Rails)
open source Web application framework based on Ruby programming language
Django
open source Web application framework based on Python programming language
Optimized for the creation of complex, database-driven Web sites. It allows for fast development, focuses on automating as much as possible, emphasizes the reusability of various components, and follows the DRY ( Don’t Repeat Yourself) programming principle.
Some well-known Web sites based on Django Include Instagram, Pinterest, The Onion.
Widget
A small, prebuilt chuck of code that executes automatically in your HTML Web page; capable of performing a wide variety of tasks.
privacy policy
a set of public statements declaring to your customers how you treat their personal information that you gather on the site
accessibility rules
a set of design objectives that ensure disabled users can effectively access your site
mobile Web site
version of a regular desktop Web site that is scaled down in content and navigation
mobile Web app
application built to run on the mobile Web browser built into a smartphone or tablet computer
native app
application designed specifically to operate using the mobile device’s hardware and operating system
hybrid app
has many of the features of both a native app and a mobile Web app
mobile first design
beginning the e-commerce development process with a mobile presence rather than a desktop Web site
responsive Web design ( RWD)
tools and design principles that automatically adjust the layout of a Web site depending on the screen resolution of the device on which it is being viewed
adaptive Web design ( AWD)
server0side technique that detects the attributes of the device making the request and, using predefined templates based on device screen size along with CSS and JavaScript, loads a version of the site that is optimized for the device.
