Lesson 3: Audition Flashcards
For audition to occur, the stimulus, _________________, must be present and the receptors, __________________, must transduce the stimulus to neural signals. (A) Pressurized sound waves, Pressurized sound waves (B) Pressurized sound waves, Hair Cells (C) Hair Cells, Hair Cells (D) Hair Cells, Pressurized Sound Waves
(B) Pressurized sound waves, Hair Cells For audition to occur, Pressurized Sound Waves must be present and Hair Cells must transduce the stimulus to neural signals.
Describe how a pressurized sound wave is formed as someone claps their hands?
When someone goes to clap their hands, there are many air molecules between their hands. As the hands get closer, there is less space for the air molecules to move and they thus become compressed. This compression causes the air molecules to become pressurized and thus to relieve this pressure, the air molecules try to escape. This escape of air molecules causes areas of high and low pressure which are known as pressurized sound waves.
Sound waves are represented graphically by peaks and troughs. If a wave has a high wavelength, its peaks must be: (A) close to each other. (B) far away from each other. (C) very tall. (D) very short.
(B) far away from each other. If a wave has a high wavelength, its peaks must be far away from each other.
What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of a sound wave? (A) Proportional (B) Inverse (C) Linear (D) Exponential
(B) Inverse As the frequency of a sound wave increases, the wavelength decreases. Likewise, as the frequency of a sound wave decreases, the wavelength increases.
Sound waves are discriminated and sorted by its frequency inside the fluid-filled cochlea. Would a lower or higher frequency sound wave travel farther into the cochlea?
Sound waves of a lower frequency would travel farther into the cochlea.
In a crowded emergency room, many different voices and sounds combine to make complex sound waves. How does the auditory system break down complex sound waves into its component parts?
Since the complex sound waves are made of components with different frequencies, in the cochlea, the different components will travel to different lengths and stimulate hair cells on different parts of the cochlea.
The _______ funnels sound into the ___________, where it will travel to the _______________, where the sound waves are then converted into ossicle vibrations. To fill in the blanks, please choose 3 from the following options: - Semicircular Canals - Pinna - Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) - Auditory Canal - Stapes
- Pinna 2. Auditory Canal 3. Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) The Pinna funnels sound into the Auditory Canal, where it will travel to the Tympanic Membrane, where the sound waves are converted into ossicle vibrations.
Put the Auditory Ossicles in order from first to vibrate to last to vibrate? I. Incus II. Malleus III. Stapes (A) I > II > III (B) II > I > III (C) III > II > I (D) III > I > II
(B) II > I > III 1st. Malleus 2nd. Incus 3rd. Stapes
Put these steps of the middle ear audition pathway in order: I. Malleus, incus and stapes vibrate in that order. II. Oval window (elliptical window) starts to vibrate and moves cochlear fluid. III. Tympanic membrane vibrates. (A) I > II > III (B) II > I > III (C) III > II > I (D) III > I > II
(D) III > I > II Tympanic membrane vibrates. > Malleus, incus and stapes vibrate in that order. > Oval window (elliptical window) starts to vibrate and moves cochlear fluid.
Which structure in the cochlea is responsible for preventing cochlear fluid from returning to the oval window (elliptical window), while simultaneously moving the fluid towards the round window (circular window)? (A) Cilia (Hair Cells) (B) Stapes (C) Organ of Corti (D) Auditory Nerve
(C) Organ of Corti The Organ of Corti is responsible for preventing cochlear fluid from returning to the oval window (elliptical window), while simultaneously moving the fluid towards the round window (circular window).
In the Cochlea, what structure moves back and forth and is responsible for transmitting an electrical impulse via the auditory nerve to the brain? (A) Cilia (Hair Cells) (B) Oval Window (C) Circular Window (D) Stapes
(A) Cilia (Hair Cells) In the cochlea, Cilia or Hair cells move back and forth and are responsible for transmitting an electrical impulse via the auditory nerve to the brain.
Which of the following are not one of the areas involved in auditory pathways? (A) Medial Geniculate Nucleus (B) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (C) Superior Olive (D) Inferior Colliculus
(B) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus The LGN is involved in vision. The MGN, Superior Olive, and Inferior Colliculus are all involved in processing auditory information.
As the energy of a sound wave traveling through the ear dissipates, what happens to the movement of fluid inside the cochlea?
The movement of fluid inside the cochlea slows down and eventually stops, causing that particular sound to not be transmitted to one’s brain anymore.
What structures make up the External/Outer Ear? (A) Malleus, Incus, and Stapes (B) Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane (C) Semicircular Canals, and Cochlea (D) Stapes, Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Oval Window
(B) Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane The Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane make up the External/Outer Ear.
What structures make up the Middle Ear? (A) Malleus, Incus, and Stapes (B) Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane (C) Semicircular Canals, and Cochlea (D) Stapes, Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Oval Window
(A) Malleus, Incus, and Stapes The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes (Ossicles) make up the Middle Ear.
What structures make up the Inner Ear? (A) Malleus, Incus, and Stapes (B) Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane (C) Semicircular Canals, and Cochlea (D) Stapes, Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Oval Window
(C) Semicircular Canals, and Cochlea The Semicircular Canals, and Cochlea make up the Inner Ear.
True or False: The Organ of Corti is composed of two membranes.
True. The Organ of Corti is composed of two membranes, the upper (tectorial) and lower (basilar) membrane.
The Basilar Membrane of the Organ of Corti contains Cilia (Hair Cells) known as the ___________. (A) Hair Bundle (B) Basilar Group (C) Tectorial Hairs (D) Cochlear Knot
(A) Hair Bundle The Basilar Membrane of the Organ of Corti contains Cilia (Hair Cells) known as the Hair Bundle.
True or false? The basilar membrane is covered with hair cells, but those hairs project from the basilar membrane to contact the tectorial membrane.
True. The basilar membrane is covered with hair cells, but those hairs project from the basilar membrane to contact the tectorial membrane.
_________ are the small filaments that make up the hair bundle of the Organ of Corti and are connected to one another by __________. (A) auditory nerve, kinocilium (B) kinocilium, tip links (C) stereocilia, tip links (D) cilia, kinocilium
(c) stereocilia, tip links The Stereocilia are the small filaments that make up the hair bundle of the Organ of Corti, and are connected to one another by Tip Links. Note that there is one kinocilium and many stereocilia in any given hair bundle, so if asked about many small filaments in one bundle, stereocilia is the best option.
Which structure in the ear allows the Brain to differentiate between 2 different sounds? (A) Tympanic Membrane (B) Stapes (C) Cochlea (D) Ossicles
(C) Cochlea The Cochlea allows the Brain to differentiate between 2 different sounds.
What refers to the process in which the cochlea distinguishes between varying frequencies and is maintained by the brain? (A) Frequency Processing (B) Signal Detection Theory (C) Parallel Processing (D) Auditory Processing
(D) Auditory Processing Auditory Processing refers to the process in which the cochlea distinguishes between varying frequencies and is maintained by the brain.
What is the range of Frequencies in terms of Hz that humans can hear? (A) 10 Hz - 10,000 Hz (B) 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz (C) 30 Hz - 30,000 Hz (D) 40 Hz - 40,000 Hz
(B) 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz is the range of Frequencies that a human can hear.
True or False? In addition to the cochlea, the brain uses tectorial tuning to distinguish between high and low frequency sounds.
False. The brain uses Tonotopic Mapping to distinguish between high and low frequency sounds.
_____________ frequency sounds activate the base of the cochlea, while _____________ frequency sounds activate the apex of the cochlea. (A) High, Low (B) High, High (C) Low, High (D) Low, Low
(A) High, Low High frequency sounds (1600 Hz) activate the base of the cochlea, while Low frequency sounds (25 Hz) activate the apex of the cochlea.
Which structure of the brain receives all auditory information from the cochlea and is separated into regions which detect different frequency sounds? (A) Occipital Lobe (B) Cerebral Cortex (C) Primary Auditory Cortex (D) Secondary Auditory Cortex
(C) Primary Auditory Cortex The Primary Auditory Cortex of the brain receives all auditory information from the cochlea and is separated into regions which detect different frequency sounds.
Without basilar tuning, humans would not be able to differentiate between sounds. What is the mapping of different frequency sounds in the brain referred to as? (A) Auditory mapping (B) Basilar mapping (C) Tonotopical mapping (D) Geographical mapping
(C) Tonotopical mapping Tonotopical mapping refers to the mapping of different frequency sounds in the brain, and thus allows distinct areas in the brain to process distinct frequencies.
If there were no cochlear fluid, would audition be possible? How would the hair cells be affected?
Any vibrations from the stapes to the oval window would move air, whose movement would have a significantly smaller effect on hair cells; thus, they wouldn’t reach threshold, making audition impossible.
Order the following steps of a Cochlear Implant from first to last: I. Transmitter sends electrical impulse to the Receiver. II. Stimulator sends electrical impulse to the Cochlea which converts the electrical impulse to a neural impulse that is sent to the brain. III. Sound is converted to an electrical impulse by Speech Processor. IV. Receiver sends electrical impulse to the Stimulator. (A) I > III > IV > II (B) III > I > IV > II (C) II > IV > III > I (D) IV > II > III > I
(B) III > I > IV > II Sound is converted to an electrical impulse by Speech Processor > Transmitter sends electrical impulse to the Receiver > Receiver sends electrical impulse to the Stimulator > Stimulator sends electrical impulse to the Cochlea which converts the electrical impulse to a neural impulse that is then sent to the brain
Give a real life example of sensory adaptation.
You walk into the library and notice a strong smell, similar to BBQ. After about an hour sitting in the library your smell receptors would no longer notice such a strong smell of BBQ. Mmmm… BBQ…
Light hits a photoreceptor in the eye and causes the the cell to fire an action potential. That cell is connected to two other cells, which also fire action potentials. What does this form of up-regulation refer to? (A) Amplification (B) Sensory Adaptation (C) Habituation (D) Proprioception
(A) Amplification Because the stimulus, light, caused multiple action potentials to occur, the response to the stimulus is up-regulated and refers to Amplification
Why is Sensory adaptation important in terms of cells becoming over excited?
If a cell is overexcited, it can cause damage and most likely cell death. Sensory adaptation is a necessary response by receptors to avoid over-excitement of cells.
What is the part of the human brain that is referred to as the map of the human body? (A) Sensory Strip (B) Midbrain (C) Somatosensory Homunculus (D) Sensory Cortex
(A) Sensory Strip The Sensory Strip is the part of the parietal lobe that houses the five senses, and can be mapped out as homunculi.
Which structure of the brain receives sensory input from the entire human body? (A) Sensory Strip (B) Cerebellum (C) Pons (D) Medulla
(A) Sensory Strip The Sensory Strip is the structure of the brain that receives sensory input from the entire human body.
Proprioception spindles are often compared to springs. How do these receptors in muscles communicate position to your brain?
These sensors are inside the muscles and will stretch with them. Once stretched, spindles fire signals to the brain, and the combination of spindles from all muscles are integrated, allowing you to subconsciously know your body position.
In which part of cerebral cortex is the sensory strip located? (A) Frontal Lobe (B) Parietal Lobe (C) Temporal Lobe (D) Occipital Lobe
(B) Parietal Lobe The Sensory Strip is located in the Parietal Lobe.
What are the main differences between proprioception and kinesthesia?
Proprioception is more subconscious and cognitive, like a general awareness of one’s balance/position. Kinesthesia is more behavioral, with the body detecting its movements and consciously improving its movements.
Both nociception and thermoception (pain and temperature sensation, respectively) use TrpV1 receptors. How do these receptors convert cellular damage into neural signals?
When a cell is damaged, it releases chemical signals that diffuse to the nearest TrpV1 receptor.
True or false? A-Beta (A-B) fibers are the fastest, while C fibers are the slowest, due to their different levels of myelination.
True. A-Beta (A-B) fibers are the fastest, while C fibers are the slowest, due to their different levels of myelination.
The three types of TrpV1 fibers, A-B, A-D, and C vary in size due to different levels of myelination. How does their relative myelination affect their function?
The more myelinated a fiber is, the wider the axon is. This increases conductance by decreasing resistance, so the more myelinated fibers transmit their messages faster.
When eating spicy foods, people can feel pain as their TrpV1 receptors are activated. Why can capsaicin and similar chemicals activate these receptors?
TrpV1 receptors are chemical sensors, so the capsacin molecules must be similar in structure to molecules released by cellular damage. Thus, spicy foods might feel “painful”
