Lesson 3-4 Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
What does the nucleus contain
DNA and DNA contains information for building proteins
Also contains nucleolus and chromatin which are genetic information
What is the nucleus surrounded by
It is surronded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
Nuclear membrane made of an inner and outer membrane (lipid layers) which separate the nucleus form the rest of the cell, suggest why.
DNA and proteins in the nucleus are very fragile. The cytoplasm of the cell is a harsh environment with many enzymes and molecules carry out various functions
What are nuclear pores and what do they do
They are holes in the nuclear envelope and they allow things to exit and enter such as MRNA and ribosomes
What is the necleolus packed with
It is densely packed with DNA and proteins
Function of the nucleolus
Involved in making ribosomes(protein synthesis)
What is the nucleoplasm
The nucleus’ version of the cytoplasm
How can we distinguish between a rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
We can distinguish the difference between the two under an electron microscope by the presence or absence of ribosomes
Characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (4)
- Found in plant and animal cells
- Surface is covered in ribosomes
- Formed from continuous folds of membrane continuous with nuclear envelope
- PROCESSES poteins made by the ribosomes
Characteristics of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (3)
- Involved in production, processing and storage or lipids carbohydrates and steroids
- Found in animal and plant cells
- Does not have ribosomes on surface, its function is distinct to the RER
Function of ribosomes
Translates genetic material into protein
Where are ribosomes found
In the endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or free floating in the cytoplasm
What are ribosomes made out of
Made up of two sub units and are the smallest organelle in the cell
Function of the Golgi apparatus
Responsible for modifying or packaging proteins for export
Where is the Golgi apparatus usually found
Near ribosomes or near RER
What do lysosomes contain
Enzymes designed to destroy the cell
At the end of the cell life what happens?
Lysosomes are released and they digest the contents of the cell and recycle them for later use
Function of the mitochondria
Site for aerobic respiration and produce ATP
Give an example of cells that require more mitochondria
Heart cells, muscle cells
They are more active cells meaning they need more ATP thus will have more mitochondria
What do centrioles consist of
Consists of two bundles of tubules at right angles to each other
What is the function of the centioles
Transporting proteins round the cell
Centrioles are involved in the formation of?
Cilia and undulipodia
Compare the structures and function of undulipodia and cilia
These are both hair like structures extending from cells formed from microtubles
Cilia: usually shorter and more numerous and are used for movement or sensing envroment
Undulipodia: usually longer and fewer in number, like the tail of a sperm cell, primarily for movement(locomotion)
Structure; both have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubles(nine pairs of microtubules around the edge and two single ones in center)
What does mitochondria produce
Produces ATP during aerobic respiration
The folds in mitochondria are called
Cristae
Mitochondria is a double membrained organelle (T or F)
True
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein structures within the cytoplasm and consists of microfilaments, intermediated filaments and cylindrical microtubules
Function of a chloroplast
Absord light energy and convert into chemical energy through photosynthesis. It all depends on the green chlorophyll molecules which are inside each chloroplast cell.
