Lesson 3 Flashcards
What is the principle of non-contradiction?
A principle stating that a thing cannot be and be at the same time and in the same respect.
According to Aristotle, why is the principle of non-contradiction essential?
It is essential for scientific inquiry, reasoning, and communication.
What does the principle of the excluded middle state?
Something either is or is not, with no in-between.
What are real gray areas?
Situations where the truth cannot be clearly established due to inherent vagueness, moral dilemmas, or complex systems.
What are manufactured gray areas?
Situations created intentionally to obscure truth or manipulate perception.
What does the principle of causality assert?
Every effect has a cause or nothing happens without a sufficient reason.
What is the principle of sufficient cause?
Do not stop short of the search for causes; there is always a series of causes.
What are the four types of causes in reasoning?
- Efficient cause
- Material cause
- Formal cause
- Final cause
What is the principle of induction/generalization?
If something has been observed to happen repeatedly under similar conditions, it can be generalized to continue happening in the same way.
What constitutes a general statement?
A statement that applies to a large scope, valid if what is attributed to the class is true for the whole class.
What is the principle of categorization?
Entities must be classified into meaningful categories based on shared characteristics.
What are intellectual virtues?
Qualities of the mind that enable effective knowledge acquisition and application.
Name three examples of intellectual virtues.
- Intellectual humility
- Intellectual integrity
- Intellectual courage
What are intellectual vices?
Opposites of intellectual virtues that hinder sound reasoning and critical thinking.
What is intellectual humility?
Awareness of the limits of one’s knowledge and sensitivity to bias and prejudice.
What is the difference between intellectual courage and intellectual cowardice?
Intellectual courage involves facing challenging ideas, while cowardice avoids them.
What does intellectual empathy require?
The ability to imaginatively understand others’ perspectives.
What is intellectual autonomy?
Having rational control over one’s beliefs and values.
What is the significance of intellectual integrity?
Being true to one’s own thinking and consistent in applying standards.
What is intellectual perseverance?
The commitment to seek truths despite difficulties and obstacles.
What does confidence in reason entail?
The ability to think for oneself and trust logical reasoning and evidence.
What is the importance of fair-mindedness?
Treating all views equally and being aware of biases and preconceived ideas.
