lesson 3 Flashcards by Angelica Esquilona

illustrates the
structure or blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher formulate relevant
research questions

A research framework

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consists of the key concepts and assumed relationships of the research
project. It is normally used as a guide for researchers so that they are more focused on the
scope of their studies.

The framework

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Broader
Can be used in different studies
The particular theory used
already in the field
Presents one theory at a time
Already existing before the
conduct of the study

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORL

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Narrower/focused
* Directly related to a specific
study
- Set of related concepts to a
specific study
- May synthesize one or more
theories
* Develop while planning and
writing a specific research

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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is a visual representation of information that helps show the relationship
between ideas. Concept maps begin with the main topic and then branch out into sub-topics,
reflecting the connection of all the elements in the study. It can also provide and organize new
ideas.

A concept map

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The—– is the “presumed cause” of the research problem. It is the
reason for any “change” or difference in a dependent variable. It can be purposely manipulated
by the researcher, depending on the focus of the study.

independent variable

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The — is the “presumed effect” of the research problem. It is usually
the problem itself or the element that is being questioned. This variable is altered as a result
of experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is also called as the
criterion, effect, response, or outcome variable which captures the interest of the researcher
and requires analysis, interpretation, and implication of the findings of the study.

dependent variable

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The —- is an independent variable which influences the direction
and the strength of the connection between independent and dependent variables. The
independent variable interacts with the moderator variable, which makes the relationship of
the independent and dependent variable stronger or weaker

moderating variable i

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is an element that exists between the
independent to the dependent variable. A mediator (or mediating) variable is an integral part
of the cause-effect relationship and helps us to understand the effects of the independent
variable on the dependent variable.

Mediating variable or Intervening variable

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is a special type of independent variable that can influence the
dependent variable. It takes an active role in quantitative studies. Statistical procedures are
used to control this variable. It is useful to integrate the control variables into your research
study, but it is not the main focus.

The control variable

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is a conceptual paradigm which indicates the
inputs, required process, and the output. This approach is seated on the premise of acquiring
essential information by converting inputs into outputs through the required processing steps
in obtaining the result.

he Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

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The — is usually the independent variable of the study. Meanwhile, the Process is the
intervention or solution consist of the instruments and analyses used to acquire the result.

Input

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the is the findings or outcome of the interventions being made to solve the
identified problem.

Output

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in writing a research paper, the —- is included. It helps
in simplifying some of the technical terms which are vital in the understanding of the research
project. Although this part of the paper is optional

definition of terms

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Definition of Terms is also called as

Operational Definition of Variables (ODV)

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There are two ways in defining the terms,

the conceptual and operational definition.

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The — is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is defined in the
dictionary or encyclopedia.

conceptual definition

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on the other hand is the meaning of the
term based on how it was used in the study.

Operational definition

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A — is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more
variables. It is a specific and testable prediction on what you expect to happen with the
variables in your study.

Hypothesis

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A — is a prediction of the relationship between two variables,
the independent variable and the dependent variable.It shows a connection between
one independent variable and a single dependent variable.

simple hypothesis

The —- reflects the relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable. It expresses a connection between two or more
independent variables and two or more dependent variables.

complex hypothesis

An —- is also called as the “working hypothesis.” It is
presumed to explain certain facts and relationships of phenomena. It comes to life
when a theory is being put to the test, using observation and experiment. From the
name itself “working,” it would mean that it can be changed or replace anytime as soon
as it is no longer supported or accepted base on the observation and experimentation
being done. It is going through some trial and error and perhaps changing around those
independent variables.

empirical hypothesis

expresses explanation with limited evidence that can be
verified logically. It reflects a relationship of the variables which anchored based on
logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical hypothesis can be turned into an empirical
hypothesis in which you have to test your theories and postulates

Logical hypothesis

A — is an analysis of a portion of a population. It can be
verified statistically. The variables in a statistical hypothesis can be transformed into
quantifiable sub-variable to assess it statistically.

statistical hypothesis

The ---- is denoted with the symbol Ho It exists when you consider that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables or that there is an insufficient amount of information to claim a scientific hypothesis.

null hypothesis

An --- is denoted with the symbol (Ha). It is an alternate statement expressed to be tested in order to generate the desired output when the empirical or working hypothesis is not accepted. In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek an alternative hypothesis.

alternative hypothesis

A Hypothesis can be classified as

Directional and Non-directional Hypothesis

The ---- relates the relationship between the variables and can also predict its nature. It illustrates the direct association of the impact of the independent variable with the dependent variable, whether it is positively or negatively affected.

directional hypothesis

A ----- is used when there is no principle involved. It is a premise that a relationship exists between two variables. However, the direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It is a statement that reflects the association of the independent variable to the dependent variable without predicting the exact nature of the direction of the relationship.

non-directional hypothesis

is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of research. It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic. It is also design to justify your research by exposing the gaps of the previous studies.

Review of related literature

is an essential component of research. It forms a "picture" for the reader, providing a support and full comprehension of the developments in the field.

literature review

The ---- somehow presents the fundamental idea of the particular study of the literature review.

introduction

The --- somehow presents the fundamental idea of the particular study of the literature review.

introduction

The --- is consists of the organized discussion of sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your literature review and reflect how they related to your study.

main body

emphasized what you have learned from reviewing the literature and where would your study leads to.

Conclusion and recommendation

is primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research. Usually it is a type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of knowledge. It presents the current research by merging it into a wider framework and determine its contribution and impact to the specific field of study.

context review

is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher organizes the related researches according to the period of time it was conducted.Historical literature review focuses on probing research in a specified field throughout a chronological order, which usually starts from the oldest period of time 24 going to the most recent studies.

Historical review

is a common type of literature review in which the researcher introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of knowledge among various previous researches. It also considers reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature in an integrated way in order to generate new structure and viewpoint on the topic.

Integrative review

is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher gathers and compares and contrast other studies to the current research. It basically summarizes and evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of various studies and illustrates the effects of different methodologies (research designs, samples, process) to different outcomes.

Methodological review

is a literature review in which the researcher demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge. It contains existing proof associated to a clearly stated research questions and uses standardized methods to determine and evaluate relevant research. However, it can also produce problems of prejudice especially when it is used to summarize claims or statements linking his or her findings to a system of knowledge

Self-study review

is a literature review in which the researcher introduces several theories or concepts that are focused on a specific topic. It is particular on the theories and concepts being highlighted on other researches and compare them to the current study basing on its framework, hypothesis, consistency, and justification. The theoretical literature review aids in establishing the theories already existed, the relationships of theories among various studies, the degree of its investigation, and the development of new hypotheses.

Theoretical review

are sources in which a researcher refers to tract down other sources.

General references

are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings of his or her investigations. are found in journal articles.

Primary sources

are publications in which a researcher considers the work of others.

Secondary sources

is a reference to a literature being used in your study. It is a way of giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you have referred their intellectual works and creativity as a support or foundation of your research.

Citation

is a reference made within the body of text in the paper. It leads the reader to a source where a particular information has been taken of. An in-text citation should be reflected when you refer, paraphrase, summarize, or quote from another author

in-text citation

A --- typically includes only the sources that you have mentioned or cited in text in your paper

references

a ----, is generally a list of all the sources you used to generate your ideas about your research even if you have not mentioned or cited them in your paper.

bibliography

anthropology