LESSON 3 Flashcards
refer to explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a specific activity or sphere.
tell us what is or is not allowed in a particular context or situation.
Rules
What are the benefits of rules to social beings?
Benefits of Rules to Social Beings:
- They protect social beings by regulating behavior.
- They help to guarantee each person certain rights and freedom.
- They produce a sense of justice among social beings.
- They are essential for a healthy economic system.
Source: Adapted from the provided text.
may refer to the standards that a person or a group has about what is right and wrong, or good and evil.
Morality
- They are those concerned with or relating to human behavior.
- They believe that these rules are actions that are morally right and wrong.
Moral
Standards
Characteristics of Moral Standards
- They involve serious wrongs or benefits
- Ought to be preferred to other values.
- Not established by authority figures.
- Has traits of universalizability.
- Based on impartial considerations
They are rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.
Non-moral standards
•It refers to a situation in which a tough choice has to be made between two or more options especially more or less equally undesirable ones.
Dilemma
•It refers to a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.
Moral
Dilemma
Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas
Personal Dilemmas
Organizational Dilemmas
Structural Dilemma
It refers to every action a person has, does and learns as a member of a society.
-It is also a powerful agent in shaping man’s decisions and actions
Culture
Includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture.
Material Culture
Includes all the intangible and invisible parts of culture.
Nonmaterial Culture
Characteristics of Culture
-Culture is everything
-Culture is learned
• Enculturation
• Acculturation
• Deculturation
-Culture affects biology
-Culture is adaptive
-Culture is maladaptive
-Culture changes
All cultures undergo the same development stages in the same order e.g. savagery, barbarism and civilization
Cultural Evolutionism
Societies change because of cultural borrowing to another
Diffusionism
Culture is unique and must be studied in its own context
Historicism
Personality is largely seen to be the result of learning culture
Pyschological Anthropology
Society is compared to a biological organism with all parts interconnected to one another
Functionalism
Culture is said to be shaped by environment and technological conditions
Neo- Evolutionism
Culture is the product of the “material conditions” in which a given community of people finds itself
Materialism
Branches Of Anthropology
Archeology
Cultural Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Physical Anthropology
Applied Anthropology
“scientific study of society, patterns of social interaction, and culture”
Calhoune, 2002
“scientific inquiry that covers human
social activities”
Auguste Comte, 1830
“ability of sociologist to understand society systematically”
“Sociological Imagination”
С. Wright Mills, 1959
product of human interactions as humans subscribe to the rules of their culture
Society
Society as a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function
Auguste Comte
Society as a reality in its own right. Collective consciousness is of key importance to society, which society cannot survive without it
Emile Durkheim
Society is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of the action in terms of means-end relationship
Talcott Parsons
Society is an exchange of gestures that involves the use of symbols
George Herbert Mead
Society as a collection of individuals united by certain relations of mode of behavior that marks individual off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior
Morris Ginsberg
Society as the complex of organized associations and institutions with a community
George Douglas Cole
Society as a system of usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and liberties
Robert Maciver and Charles Page
This is a compilation of ways and means by which humans interact with each other within the confines of society.
Social Interaction
It refers to the interrelationship parts of society.
Social Organization
Elements of Social Organization
- Roles
- Group (Primary and Secondary)
- Institution
set of accepted behaviors that define the individual’s responses and inclinations
Roles
basic unit of an organization that involves at least two individuals who are in constant interaction based on their statuses and roles
Group
with informal relation
Primary Group
with informal relation
Secondary group
with formal relation
Secondary Group
established when roles, statuses and groups are perpetuated within the context of a society.
Institutions
It is the determining factor by which every other part of a society gains its context.
Social Structure and Agency
Is a key importance to society
Collective Consciousness
“a thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection and consider itself as itself at different times and places
JOHN LOCKE
“autonomous, self-regulating, capable of making moral decisions by and for himself- dignity and worth”
IMMANUEL KANT-
“autonomous, self-regulating, capable of making moral decisions by and for himself- dignity and worth”
IMMANUEL KANT-
“live and die for the sake of his values and ideals”
VIKTOR FRANKL
“live and die for the sake of his values and ideals”
VIKTOR FRANKL
“conscience, to know what is to be done, to know thyself”
•ERICH FROMM
“humans discover the moral law because of his conscience”
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
A branch of philosophy concerned with ways of thinking philosophically about morality, and moral judgment.
•Ethics
“Human conduct and character referring to “those acts which it makes sense to describe as right or wrong, good or bad.”
•Morality
