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botany > lesson 3 > Flashcards

lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

are the basic, fundamental unit of life

A

Cells

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2
Q

was the first Biologist who discovered cells

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification.

A

Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure

A

Robert Brown,

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5
Q

Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists,The cell theory states that:

  1. All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
  2. A cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A

Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.

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6
Q

TYPE OF CELLS

A

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

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7
Q

cells do not have a well-

defined nucleus and cell organelles. cells is the oldest cell types.

cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria is the example of the Prokaryotic cells.

A

PROKARYOTIC

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8
Q

cell have nucleus with nuclear membrane and cell organelles.

The are organisms that have a nucleus in each cell.

• The nucleus of the cell contains DNA.

• cell have a cell membrane.

A

EUKARYOTIC

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9
Q

cell are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

cell have complex membrane bound organelles like mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, etc.

Plants, animals, fungi possesses the cell.

A

EUKARYOTIC

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10
Q

Cells reproduce by Cell Division. Cells that are dividing and are preparing to divide are said to be going through the process called

A

CELL CYCLE

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11
Q

When a cell divide the nucleus divides first (karyokinesis) followed by the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

A

THE CELL CYCLE

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12
Q

A chromosome that has undergone a structural change, resulting in the separation of the chromosome

A

SPLIT CHROMOSOME

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13
Q

structure found in the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information in the form of DNA.

A

CHROMOSOME

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14
Q

Brain center of the cell.

A

NUCLEUS

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15
Q

Jelly-filled structure that fills the….

A

CYTOPLASM

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16
Q

5 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE

A

. G1 primary growth phase / pre-DNA phase

  1. S - synthesis; DNA replicated 2. S- 362 secondary growth phase/pre-mitosis

these 3 are collectively called as INTERPHASE

4:M-Mitosis 5. C- Cytokinesis

17
Q

is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells, each with the potential to grow, develop, and carry out specific functions.. It is a fundamental process in biology that is essential for the growth, repair, and reproduction of living organisms.can occur through two main mechanisms: mitosis, which produces two identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces four genetically diverse daughter cells

A

CELL DIVISION

18
Q

INTERPHASE GISTAGE

A

1st GROWTH STAGE after cell division

• Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles.

• Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities.

19
Q

INTERPHASE S STAGE

A

Synthesis Stage

DNA is copied.

20
Q

INTERPHASE G2 STAGE

A

2nd GROWTH STAGE

Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA C

Occurs after DNA has been copied.

All cell structures needed for division are made.

Both organelles & proteins are synthesized.

21
Q

the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of division is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single- celled organisms.

A

MITOSIS

22
Q

process by which a single cell divides into four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the production of gametes

A

meiosis

23
Q

is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of division is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as well as for asexual reproduction in some single-celled organisms

A

Mitosis

24
Q

a small organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which functions as a microtubule- organizing center

A

CENTROSOME

25
Q

are microtubules that separates the chromosomes into two daughter cells

A

SPINDLE FIBERS

26
Q

are cylindrical organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in the organization of cell division.

A

CENTRIOLES

27
Q

the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes, which become visible under a microscope.

The centrosomes, which are responsible for organizing the spindle fibers, move to opposite poles of the cell.

A

MITOSIS: PROPHASE

28
Q

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, called the metaphase plate.

Metaphase Plate

Centrosome

The spindle fibers, which are attached to the centromeres of each chromosome, ensure that the chromosomes are properly aligned and can be separated correctly

A

MITOSIS: ΜΕΤΑPHASE

29
Q

During this stage, the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

This results in the formation of two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell.

A

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

30
Q

During telophase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes.

The chromosomes begin to uncoil and return to their normal, diffuse form. The spindle fibers disassemble, and the cell begins to prepare for cytokinesis.

A

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

31
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm

Cytokinesis is the process by which the cell divides into two daughter cells.

In animal cells, a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments forms around the cell, contracting and pinching the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two separate cells.

In plant cells, a structure called the cell plate forms along the equator of the cell, eventually dividing the cell into two separate daughter cells.

A

MITOSIS: CYTOKINESIS

botany (4 decks)

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