lesson 3

Question 1

This step makes
six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound, 3 phosphoglyceric acid
(3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzvme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase,
or rubisco.

Answer 1

Carbon Fixation

Question 2

In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules
of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH donates
electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P.

Answer 2

reduction

Question 3

Some G3P molecules go to
make glucose, while others must be recycled to
regenerate the RuB acceptor. Regeneration
requires ATP and involves a complex network of
reactions, which my college bio professor liked to
call
the
“carbohydrate scramble.” ^11start
superscript, 1, end superscript.

Answer 3

Regeneration

Question 4

a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP.

Answer 4

cellular respiration

Question 5

glucose -a six-carbon sugar -undergoes a series
of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two
molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these
reactions, ATP is made, and NAD* is converted to NADH.

Answer 5

glycolysis

Question 6

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the
mitochondrial matrix–the innermost compartment of mitochondria.
There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A.
known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated.

Answer 6

Pyruvate Oxidation

Question 7

The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a
four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately
regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH, and FADH
are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.

Answer 7

Citric acid cycle

Question 8

The NADH and FADHy made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their “empty” forms (NAD- and FAD). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

Answer 8

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 9

is the process of producing the

energy required by cells using oxygen.

Answer 9

aerobic respiration

Question 10

process happens without the presence of oxygen.

Answer 10

anaerobic respiration

Question 11

is the fixation of CO2 into 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). Carboxylation of RuBP
OCcurs In presence of enzyme RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO) which results in the formation of two
molecules of 3-PGA.

Answer 11

Carboxylation

Question 12

layer of leaves by passing through pores on the

leaf surface called

Answer 12

stomata