Lesson 2.2 Flashcards
Bothersome Bumps
MRI
A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body.
Eukaryotic
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles.
Somatic cell
Any cell in the human body that is not a sex cell (egg or sperm).
Mitosis
A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell. Mitosis involves the doubling and separation of genetic material and results in the formation of two new nuclei, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
DNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA is double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells.
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, having similar gene composition, size, and structure
Chromatids
One half of a chromosome.
Centromere
The centralized region joining two sister chromatids.
Tumors
A lump or mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell division; categorized as benign or malignant.
Benign
A tumor that is not cancerous; benign tumors are generally considered harmless
Malignant
A cancerous tumor which will grow and spread to invade other tissues or parts of the body.
Cancer
A disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues.
Metastasis
The spread of cancerous cells to other tissues or parts of the body
Genes
A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype.
Mutation
A rare change in genetic material, which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species.
Proteins
A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence.
Protein synthesis
The creation of a protein from a DNA template.
Nucleotides
A building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
RNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). RNA is usually single stranded and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
Messenger RNA
A type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins.
Transcribed
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Translated
The synthesis of protein using the genetic information encoded in mRNA.
Substitutions
One DNA base is exchanged for another, such as switching an A to a G
Deletions
One DNA base is deleted from a gene sequence
Insertions
One DNA base is inserted into a gene sequence
Genome
A complete set of the genes in one organism.
Prognosis
The likely course a disease will take over an individual’s lifetime.
Genotype
All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.
Phenotype
The physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by the organism’s genetic makeup.
Alleles
Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at the same place on a chromosome, for example, the genes responsible for blood type that are found on chromosome 9.
Dominant
A genetic trait is considered dominant if the associated phenotype is seen in an individual who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.
Recessive
A trait that is evident only when an organism inherits two copies of a recessive allele for a specific gene.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.
Gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes.
Pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals. Symbols are used to represent each individual.
Autosomes
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex (such as chromosomes 1–22), as opposed to the sex chromosomes X and Y.
Sex chromosomes
One of the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes are X and Y.
Punnett square
A simple, graphical way to discover all potential combinations of an offspring’s genotypes, given the parents’ genotypes.
karyotype
A image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
meiosis
The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced by half; also involves a reduction division, in which one of each pair of paired chromosomes passes to each daughter cell.
nondisjunction
An accident during mitosis or meiosis, in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.
familial hypercholesterol
An autosomal, dominant genetic disorder that disrupts the body’s ability to eliminate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the blood, resulting in an increased risk of heart attack.
polymerase chain reaction
A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in-vitro. Uses a thermocycler, primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
restriction enzymes
a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end
