Lesson 2- What were China's international relations, 1953-62? Flashcards
Why was the assumption that after Stalin’s death Sino-Soviet relations would ease true?
After his death, Soviet leaders were happy to provide the PRC with further loans and technology.
What 4 events undermined the possibility of a genuine Sino-Soviet relationship?
- Nikita Khrushchev denouncing Stalin for his ‘crimes against the party’
- Khrushchev suppressing an anti-Soviet rising in Hungary
- Soviet use of detente towards the West
- Khrushchev’s claim in a world of nuclear superpowers, the Marxist-Leninist notion was no longer acceptable
When did Khrushchev denounce Stalin for his ‘crimes against the party’?
February 1956
Why did Khrushchev denouncing Stalin’s actions threaten Sino-Soviet relationships?
Khrushchev attacked Stalin’s cult of personality which Mao took very personally
Why did the anti-Soviet rising in Hungary threaten Sino-Soviet relations?
For Mao, the rising was as a result of the Soviet Union’s relaxation of its ideological grip
Why was Soviet use of detent towards the West undermining Sino-Soviet relations?
Offended Mao
Why did Khrushchev claiming that the Marxist-Leninist notion was no longer acceptable in a world of nuclear superpowers undermine Sino-Soviet relations?
Clear evidence to Mao that the Soviets had taken the revisionist path
What year was Mao’s second visit to the USSR?
1957
What conference did Khrushchev convene (hold) in 1957 in Moscow regarding Communism?
A conference for the world’s Communist parties
What was the aim of Khrushchev’s conference for the world’s Communist parties?
To repair differences between the USSR and other Marxist countries
What did Mao let be known at the conference in 1957?
He though the USSR’s approach to the West was too accommodating.
He felt the USSR was planning to leave China internationally isolated.
Called on them to abandon revisionism and return to the true Marxist-Leninist path
Who was Deng at the 1957 conference?
PRC’s representative
What did Deng argue at the conference in 1957?
The proletarian world revolution was achievable only through armed struggle.
Capitalism had to be overcome by force
How did Russian host react to Deng’s performance in the 1957 conference?
Were embarrassed and angered by his performance
When did Khrushchev make another attempt to improve Sino-Soviet relations after the 1957 conference?
1958
What did Khrushchev discuss with Mao upon meeting him in 1958?
The mishandling of negotiations regarding a joint Sino-Soviet naval programme
What did the joint Sino-Soviet naval programme claim?
China’s navy had to be under Soviet control
What did Mao do as a result of the claims of the joint Sino-Soviet naval programme?
Deliberately tried to make Khrushchev feel uncomfortable
How did Mao make Khrushchev feel uncomfortable?
Took him to a hotel without air conditioning
Talked to him in places near his private swimming pool although Khrushchev didn’t like water
Talks between Khrushchev and Mao in their 1958 meeting were a success.
True or false?
False
Eastern bloc
Group of Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia under the hegemony (leadership) of the USSR during the Cold War (1945-91), in opposition to the non-Communist Western Bloc
Soviet satellites
Countries controlled by the USSR
Detente
Easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.
Superpowers
Term used to describe a state with a dominant position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale
Revisionism
Attempting to reverse or slow down the revolutionary policies
Chauvinism
Exaggerated or excessive patriotism
Trotskyists
Follower of Orthodox Marxism and Bolshevik-Leninism
Albania
Country in Southeast Europe on Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea
Unequal treaties
Imperialist treaties made in the 19th century
Sino-Indian War
War between China and India beginning in 1962
Communist Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba is the ruling political party in the Republic of Cuba
Paper tigers
Term used to describe the USA’s nuclear weapons in order to show Mao’s lack of fear
McCarthyism
Practice of making accusations of subversion or treason, especially when related to Communism
What did Deng attack the USSR for, in regards to Chauvinism?
Its great nation, great party chauvinism in acting as if it was the only true interpreter of Marxist theory.
Accused them of betraying international Communist movement
What did Deng’s actions in Moscow protect him from later on?
Saved him from being a victim in the Cultural Revolution.
In 1958, what did the Taiwan issue provide a test for?
Genuineness of Sino-Soviet sympathies
What did Mao do in response to the Taiwan issue?
Mao ordered, without consultation with Moscow, a full scale assault on the Nationalist-held island.
How did the USA respond the China’s attempt to launch an attack on Taiwan?
Prepared for war with China
How did Mao respond to threats of a war from the US, regarding the Taiwan issue?
Held back from a direct attack on Taiwan
What reason did Mao give for not attacking Taiwan after all?
The USSR had decline to offer China even moral support
Why were Sino-Soviet relations worsened due to the Soviet reaction to China’s GLF?
1959 = Mao enraged by news that SU had dismissed his attempt to revolutionise the Chinese economy as a total blunder.
What rumour about the issues from the GLF was Mao angered by?
One of his own Chiefs-Of-Staff, Marshall Peng Dehuai, had passed onto Moscow details of the widespread starvation that the GLF had caused
What bloc was Albania in?
Eastern bloc
Mao condemned de-stalinisation for the encouragement it gave to what?
Counter-revolution in the Eastern bloc countries
How did the Chinese leaders create rivalry between them and the Soviet Union in regards to the Eastern bloc countries?
Mao saw the chance by supporting socialist countries hostile to the USSR.
Looked to give support to the countries that defied the USSR (Albania in 1961)
PRC provided Albania with money and technical assistance when the Soviet Union had withdrawn its financial aid.
Why did the Soviet Union withdraw their financial aid from Albania?
Angered that Albania had refused dictation from Moscow.
At what conference did China walk out from?
1961 Moscow conference