Lesson 2: Vision Flashcards
The lens of an eye can become thinner or thicker based on the distance of an object. Which structure is responsible for the lens’s ability to change its shape?
(A) Ciliary Body
(B) Retina
(C) Cornea
(D) Aqueous Humor
(A) Ciliary Body
The Ciliary Body is the structure that changes the thickness of the lens. The ciliary body is composed of suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle, which on top of changing the shape of the lens also secretes aqueous humor.
Inferior to the lens is the ______________. This is separate from the _____________, which filled with a jelly-like substance known as the vitreous humor, that helps to suspend the lens in place while also providing some structure to the eye itself.
(A) Anterior Chamber, Ischemic Chamber
(B) Anterior Chamber, Vitreous Chamber
(C) Posterior Chamber, Vitreous Chamber
(D) Posterior Chamber, Ischemic Chamber
(C) Posterior Chamber, Vitreous Chamber
Inferior to the lens is the Posterior Chamber. This is separate from the Vitreous Chamber, which filled with a jelly-like substance known as the vitreous humor, that helps to suspend the lens in place while also providing some structure to the eye itself.
CRB Which of the following is an eye disorder that is often caused by a blockage in the Canal of Schlemm? (This canal allows for aqueous humor to drain, but when blocked, pressure builds up in the posterior chamber.)
(A) Glaucoma
(B) Astigmatism
(C) Hyperopia
(D) Myopia
(A) Glaucoma
Glaucoma is an eye disorder that can be caused by blocking the Canal of Schlemm, which will prevent aqueous humor from draining. building up pressure in the posterior chamber of the eye.
A common issue with flash photography is the “red eye effect”. What part of the eye anatomy causes the red eye effect, and how?
The macula is an avascular zone in the superior posterior region of the eye. Its center is the fovea, which is densely populated by cone cells and responsible for color vision.
Sensation occurs when a physical stimuli is converted into a neural impulse. In terms of the human eye, what is the physical stimuli and what cells convert that into a neural impulse?
Light, a physical stimuli, enters the eye and is converted to a neural impulse by photoreceptor cells (rods & cones) present in the eye.
How does the phototransduction cascade affect rod cells, the downstream bipolar and ganglion cells, and the optic nerve?
The phototransduction cascade deactivates rod cells that typically inhibit downstream cells. In response, a bipolar cell is activated, which activates a retinal ganglion cell that sends signals to the optic nerve, which finally leads to processing in the Brain.
CRB Rods and Cones, in the absence of light, both release which neurotransmitter to inhibit the downstream bipolar cells?
(A) GABA
(B) Dopamine
(C) Glutamate
(D) Substance P
(C) Glutamate
Glutamate is released to inhibit downstream bipolar cells.
When do on-center bipolar cells turn on? What about off-center bipolar cells?
On- and off-center refer to the status of a bipolar cell being either ON or OFF, and they are most activated when there’s a contrast between the lighting of the center and surroundings of their receptive fields (which contain many rods).
For an on-center bipolar cell, it is turned ON when light shines on the rods in the center of the receptive field (rods in the center turn off).
Off-center bipolar cells refer to bipolar cells being turned ON when light shines on the rods at the surroundings of the receptive field, not the rods in the center (rods in the center turned on). See image for more details.
Describe the similarities between the Optic discs of rod and cone cells, and the presence of the protein, Opsin?
Both photoreceptor cells are composed of many layers of optic discs, which both contain a form of opsin (rods = rhodopsin/ cones = photopsin) to trigger the phototransduction cascade.
How do the Parvo Pathway and Magno Pathway compare in terms of:
- Spatial Resolution (Detail)?
- Temporal Resolution (time)?
- Color Vision?
Spatial Resolution - The Parvo pathway can provide much greater detail, necessary for detecting form.
Temporal Resolution - The Magno Pathway has faster processing, necessary for tracking motion.
Color Vision - Only found in the Parvo Pathway.
Arriving at the scene, an EMT needs to quickly assess the situation, including any bleeding, discoloration, injuries, etc. How does the parallel processing of multiple vision pathways enable them to do this quickly and efficiently?
The parallel processing of multiple pathways allows different aspects (color, form, motion) to be processed quickly at the same time, and integrated at higher vision centers.
CRB Which of the following vision terms is best described as an inability to accommodate (focus light), usually caused by the loss of flexibility from the lens?
(A) Hyperopia
(B) Presbyopia
(C) Emmetropia
(D) Myopia
(B) Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an inability to accommodate (focus light) caused by the loss of flexibility of the lens. This commonly happens with aging.
CRB Tyreke is a standout wide receiver, and has no issues with focusing light and tracking a football in the air. Which of the following vision terms is best described as normal vision, in terms of the ability to focus light?
(A) Hyperopia
(B) Presbyopia
(C) Emmetropia
(D) Myopia
(C) Emmetropia
Emmetropia refers to having normal vision and being able to focus light properly onto the retina.
CRB Edith struggles to read on her computer screen, and often holds her laptop up very close to her face. Which of the following vision terms is commonly called “nearsightedness”, where the light converges too much and focuses before the retina?
(A) Hyperopia
(B) Presbyopia
(C) Emmetropia
(D) Myopia
(D) Myopia
Edith suffers from Myopia, or Nearsightedness, where the light focuses before striking the retina.
CRB To treat hyperopia, a ___________ lens would be prescribed, whereas to treat myopia, a _________ lens would be prescribed.
Fill in the blanks using:
- Spherical
- Concave
- Convex
- Conical
Convex, Concave
To treat hyperopia, a Convex (converging) lens would be prescribed, whereas to treat myopia, a Concave (diverging) lens would be prescribed.
Which part of the eye is thick fibrous tissue that is considered the white part of the eye and serves to protect the eye and is an attachment point for muscle so that one can move their eye in different directions?
(A) Cornea
(B) Retina
(C) Sclera
(D) Pupil
(C) Sclera
The Sclera is thick fibrous tissue that is considered the white part of the eye and serves to protect the eye and is also an attachment point for muscle so that one can move their eye in different directions.
What structure of the eye is transparent and serves to protect the eye while bending incoming light?
(A) Pupil
(B) Cornea
(C) Iris
(D) Lens
(B) Cornea
The Cornea is a transparent structure in the front of the eye that serves to protect the eye while also bending some incoming light.
Because the cornea is really sensitive it needs to be protected. The ___________ is a thin layer of epithelial cells that protects the cornea from friction and helps to moisturize the cornea as well.
(A) Iris
(B) Pupil
(C) Retina
(D) Conjunctiva
(D) Conjunctiva
The Conjunctiva is a thin layer of epithelial cells that protects the cornea from friction, such as when you rub your eyes, and also helps moisturize the cornea.
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with a water/salt substance, that provides nutrients to the cells of the cornea and iris. What is this water/salt substance known as?
(A) Vitreous Humor
(B) Lens
(C) Aqueous Humor
(D) Retina
(C) Aqueous Humor
The Aqueous Humor is water/salt substance that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and provides nutrients to supply the cornea and iris with.
Which structure of the eye is composed of two different muscles that are responsible for adjusting the size of the pupil of the eye, and is also colored based on its pigmentation?
(A) Iris
(B) Cornea
(C) Lens
(D) Retina
(A) Iris
The Iris is composed of two different muscles that adjust the size of the pupil. The Iris is also the part of the eye that is colored and is responsible for a human having either blue/green/brown eyes.
The opening or dark space in the middle of the eye, known as the pupil, adjusts its size based on the amount of light it receives. How does the pupil adjust its size in a dark environment? Light environment?
If it is dark outside, the pupil will expand to increase the amount of light able to enter the eye, while if it is light outside, the pupil will contract to decrease the amount of light able to enter the eye.
What structure is found along the back of the eye, is filled with photoreceptor cells, and is the destination of light after it passes through the vitreous humor? This structure is responsible for converting light into a neural impulse that the brain can understand.
(A) Lens
(B) Sclera
(C) Retina
(D) Choroid
(C) Retina
The Retina lines the back of the eye and contains photoreceptor cells which upon receiving light convert the light into a neural impulse that the brain can understand.
True or False? The retina sends information to the back of the eye through fibers that form the optic nerve, which ultimately leads to the brain for comprehension.
True. The retina sends information to the back of the eye through fibers that form the optic nerve, which ultimately leads to the brain for comprehension.
Which membrane in the eye is right behind the retina and is a network of blood vessels that provides nutrients to retinal cells as well as other cells in the eye?
(A) Cornea
(B) Sclera
(C) Choroid
(D) Optic Nerve
(C) Choroid
The Choroid is a membrane in the eye that is right behind the retina and is a network of blood vessels that provides nutrients to retinal cells as well as other cells in the eye