Lesson 2: Species & Speciation

Question 1

4 postulates of morphological species concept

Answer 1

1. Species consist of similar individuals sharing the same essence;
2. Each species is separated from all others by a sharp difference;
3. Each species is completely constant through time; and
4. There are strict limits to the possible variation w/in any one species

Question 2

Which of the postulate isn’t accepted today?

Answer 2

Each species is completely constant through time

Question 3

natural group of organisms

Answer 3

species

Question 4

Which concept is not applicable in case of cryptic species?

Answer 4

Morphological Species Concept

Question 5

Nature produces individuals and nothing more

Answer 5

Nominalistic Species Concept

Question 6

Also known as morphological species concept

Answer 6

typological species concept

Question 7

Who’s idea is the nominalistic species concept

Answer 7

william ockham

Question 8

What’s the main point of ockham’s concept?

Answer 8

species are mental concepts & nothing more

Question 9

It was popular in 18th century in France and still used by some botanist

Answer 9

nominalistic species concept

Question 10

Species are the largest and most inclusive reproductive community of sexual and cross-fertilizing individuals that share a common gene pool

Answer 10

Biological species concept

Question 11

Types of species concepts

Answer 11

Typological / morphological species concept
nominalistic species concept
biological species concept
evolutionary species concept
phylogenetic species concept

Question 12

Who formulated first the biological species concept?

Answer 12

Karl Jordan 1905

Question 13

Who supported Jordan’s idea in 1937?

Answer 13

Dobzhansky

Question 14

Who supported it n 1940?

Answer 14

Ernest Mayr

Question 15

BSC was accepted in the after of the ______ in 1859

Answer 15

origin of species

Question 16

2 points of the concept about organism

Answer 16

– Organisms may appear to be alike and be different species.

– Organisms may look different yet be the same species

Question 17

The 3 properties of a species by Mayr

Answer 17

Reproductive Community
Ecological Unit
Genetic Unit

Question 18

Intercommunicating gene pool; merely a temporary vessel holding a small portion of the contents of gene pool.

Answer 18

Genetic unit

Question 19

individuals of species recognize each other as potential mates

Answer 19

reproductive community

Question 20

cooperatively form a unit; interact w/ other species as unit

Answer 20

ecological unit

Question 21

3 problems w/ BSC

Answer 21

Asexual groups
Reproductive isolation is often incomplete
Not applicable to extinct species

Question 22

why is asexual groups a problem w/ BSC?

Answer 22

interbreeding isn’t possible

Question 23

Why does reproductive isolation is often incomplete?

Answer 23

hybridization

Question 24

Why is it not applicable to extinct species?

Answer 24

fossil specimens have limited characters to look on

Question 25

Species is a series of ancestor descendent populations passing through time and space independent of other populations, each of which possesses its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

Answer 25

Evolutionary Species concept

Question 26

Who formulate Evolutionary Species Concept?

Answer 26

G.G. Simpson & E.O Wiley

Question 27

Why did they formulate this concept?

Answer 27

due to the flaws of the biological species and it is initially developed to define fossil species

Question 28

Species is the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

Answer 28

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Question 29

why is it less restrictive than the biological species concept?

Answer 29

breeding between members of different species does not pose a problem

Question 30

Who formulated PSC?

Answer 30

J. Cracraft

Question 31

PSC meaning

Answer 31

it permits successive species to be defined even if they have evolved in an unbroken line of descent, with continuity of sexual fertility

Question 32

new total number of species on earth

Answer 32

8.7 million; 6.5 on land & 2.2 in oceans

Question 33

15 types of species

Answer 33

``` Chronospecies Cosmopolitan species Cryptic species Endemic species Fugitive species Polytypic species Relic species Lazarus species Subspecies Superspecies Vicariant species Sister species Sibling species Semispecies Ring species ```

Question 34

ranks below the species

Answer 34

infraspecific rank

Question 35

Genus name + Specific epithet + Infraspecific rank

Answer 35

trinomial; usually made when the taxon has small diff w/ its closest taxon

Question 36

true or false Placing a taxon under a infraspecific rank is subjective (same as with declaring a new species)

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Infraspecific rank is encouraged

Answer 37

algae, fungi and plants (ICN)

Question 38

Infraspecific rank is not always encouraged

Answer 38

animals (ICZN) & prokaryotes (ICNP)

Question 39

below the variety rank

Answer 39

forma; usually used in highly cultivated plants

Question 40

A lineage splitting into two or more separates species

Answer 40

speciation

Question 41

changes in species is slow and gradual, occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool

Answer 41

gene flow

Question 42

t or f Intermediate phenotypes cannot be observed

Answer 42

false; it can be observed

Question 43

2 rates/ tempo of speciation

Answer 43

gradualism | punctuated equilibrium

Question 44

gradualism

Answer 44

changes in species slow & gradual, occurs in small periodic changes in gene pool

Question 45

example of gradualism

Answer 45

horse

Question 46

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 46

occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change with long periods of non- change

Question 47

intermediate phenotypes can be observed

Answer 47

gradualism

Question 48

no record of the intermediate phenotypes

Answer 48

punctuated equilibrium

Question 49

For a lineage to speciate, a population must be isolated; 2types of isolation

Answer 49

reproductively & geographically

Question 50

reproductive isolation

Answer 50

Caused by the existence of biological barriers that prevents members of two different species from producing viable, fertile hybrids

Question 51

2kinds of speciation under reproductive isolation

Answer 51

prezygotic & postzygotic barriers

Question 52

prezygotic barrier

Answer 52

reproduction BEFORE fertilization; malting or ferti

Question 53

postzygotic barrier

Answer 53

reproduction AFTER fertilization; hybrid viability or ferti

Question 54

4 prezygotic isolating mechanisms and meaning

Answer 54

temporal - two species mate at diff times of the years; based on seasons ecological - occupy diff habitats behavioural - diff courtship behaviours mechanical - physical diff prevents copulation/pollination

Question 55

3 postzygotic isolating mechanisms and meaning

Answer 55

hybrid inviability - hybrids are produced but fail to develop to reproductive maturity hybrid infertility - fail to produce functional gametes (sterility) hybrid breakdown - F1 hybrids are fertile but F2 hybrids generation fails to develop properly

Question 56

4kinds of speciation under geographical isolation

Answer 56

allopatric speciation sympatric speciation peripatric speciation Parapratic speciation

Question 57

Speciation occurs when the gene flow between populations is interrupted by a geographical barrier

Answer 57

allopatric speciation

Question 58

Speciation occurs when a small group breaks off from the larger group and forms a new species due to physical barriers

Answer 58

peripatric speciation

Question 59

Speciation occurs when a species is spread out over a large area which results in mating restricted to a vicinity. Although there is no physical barrier involve, slight differences in their habitat can result in speciation

Answer 59

Parapratic speciation

Question 60

Speciation occurs when there is | no geographical barrier to interrupt gene flow between populations

Answer 60

sympatric speciation