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Site Planning and Design > Lesson 2: Site Assesment & Site Work > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Site Assesment & Site Work Flashcards

1
Q

Comfort zone for humans

A

65-75 degrees with 30 - 60% humidity

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2
Q

Ideal orientation for northern hemisphere is?

A

Slightly north of south

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3
Q

Benefits of large glazing towards south is?

A

Great for winter heating, but cause issues in summe

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4
Q

Properties of east and west exposures

A

Low morning and evening light and can be difficult to shade.

Fenestration should be kept to a minimum

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5
Q

Benefits or northern exposure

A

Least amount of solar radiation, most even light

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6
Q

Max solar angle is?

A

June 21 - summer solstice

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7
Q

Lowest solar angle is?

A

December 21 - winter solstice

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8
Q

Median solar angles are?

A

March and September 21 - vernal and autumnal equinoxes

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9
Q

Where is heat transmitting greater through walls?

A

Northern hemisphere. Lower sun angle

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10
Q

Where is heat transmission greater through roofs?

A

Southern Hemisphere. Higher sun angle

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11
Q

What are some solar shading strategies?

A

Floor overhangs
Roof overhangs
Fins
Lovers

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12
Q

In the northern hemisphere, deep horizontal overhangs are most effective for which exposure?

A

Southern

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13
Q

In the northern hemisphere, deep vertical fins are most effective for which exposure?

A

East and west

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14
Q

Low buildings are effectively shade by which kind of tree for its southern exposure?

A

Deciduous

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15
Q

What are the benefits of shading with a deciduous tree on the southern exposure?

A

Allows winter solar radiation, but blocks undesired summer solar radiation

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16
Q

What are summer of the benefits or placing trees on site?

A

Interrupt winter winds
Reduce noise
Reduce glare
Privacy

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17
Q

Where do the highest winds speeds occur in the N. Hemisphere?

A

Gulf and Atlantic coasts

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18
Q

Wind load increase when building ____ increases.

A

Height

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19
Q

Wind pressure is measured in?

A

Pounds/sq in

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20
Q

Wind pressure varies as the _______ of the wind velocity (mph)

A

Square

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21
Q

Wind velocity and direction have an effect on which building system?

A

HVAC

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22
Q

What kind of glazing can be used to mitigate undesired heat gain?

A

Multiple glazing

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23
Q

Heat transmission is expressed by?

A

U factor

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24
Q

The R factor is the inverse of the______?

A

U factor

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25
Q

The # of BTU’s passing thought 1 sqft of wall or roof assembly when the temperature difference between inside and outside is called the_____

A

U factor

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26
Q

True or false: A low U Factor indicates rapid heat gain/loss

A

False

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27
Q

Heavy materials have a high________

A

Thermal inertia

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28
Q

Cost of heating is relative to variation between ______&______ temps

A

Outside and inside

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29
Q

What are ways in which water is used on site?

A

Irrigation
Moderating microclimate
Sense of excitement and tranquility
Sound can mask urban noise

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30
Q

Benefits of water on site?

A

Increase property desirability and raises property value.

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31
Q

True or false: An onsite body of water should be altered

A

False. It should be left in its natural state if possible

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32
Q

To prevent onsite body of water from flooding, what should be provided?

A

Swales and ponds

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33
Q

A body of water flowing in a channel is called a_________

A

Stream

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34
Q

What are some materials used to reinforce the waters edge?

A

Concrete and stone. Both with gravel backfill

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35
Q

At which area of a stream should bridges be placed?

A

At the narrowest point to reduce span

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36
Q

Water falling from because of changes in elevation is called a ________

A

Waterfall

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37
Q

The natural process or water evaporation, absorption and precipitation is called the ______________

A

Hydrolic Cycle

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38
Q

Most water that falls via precipitation is either _________ into the atmosphere or is _________ by plants

A

Evaporates or absorbed

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39
Q

_________ is the process by which water soaks into the ground

A

Infiltration

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40
Q

Water flowing off of land is termed as _________

A

Runoff

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41
Q

Runoff is the total of precipitation - ___________ - ____________ - ___________

A

Evaporation, infiltration , transpiration

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42
Q

We are most concerned with which parts of the hydrolic cycle when site planning?

A

Runoff and infiltration

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43
Q

Which factors contribute to the increase of runoff when developing a site?

A

Removal of vegetation - less transpiration

Pervious land replaced by impervious surfaces - less infiltration

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44
Q

Runoff can enter the drainage system and be held in ________ to decrease the chances of flooding

A

Detention ponds

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45
Q

To create an amount of runoff of the developed site equal to that which existed prior to development is the main purpose of which site feature!

A

Detention pond

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46
Q

What is a great strategy for naturally filtering the water that enters a detention pond?

A

Line its banks with wetland vegetation

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47
Q

True or false: Urban development as no impact on runoff

A

False. It has a major impact on runoff

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48
Q

Flat land where streams flow is know as a ________?

A

Floodplain

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49
Q

Design for a 10 or 100 year flood requires design floor levels which are ________ the stated levels

A

Above

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50
Q

Development in a floodplain should be limited to _________?

A

Open space or low density, elevated housing

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51
Q

True or false: The water table in a floodplain usually occurs at the surface

A

True

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52
Q

True or false: Soils subject to drastic volumetric changes when when are suitable for building

A

False

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53
Q

A suitable way of dealing with the potential for flooding is to introduce __________

A

Concrete flood channels

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54
Q

The amount of underground water is _________ than the amount found in lakes and streams

A

Less than

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55
Q

Underground water is created by which method of the hydrolic process?

A

Infiltration

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56
Q

The region where the space between soil grains contains water and air is know as ___________?

A

The area of Aeration

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57
Q

The lower region where the void space is completely filled with water is known as the ______

A

Area of saturation

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58
Q

Factors of climate

A 
Range of temperature
Hours of sunshine
Velocity and direction of wind
Precipitation
Humidity
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59
Q

The surface boundary between the area of Aeration and Saturation is known as the ___________

A

Ground water table

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60
Q

Construction excavations must be braced pumped dry if the water table is less than ________ below the surface.

A

6 feet

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61
Q

Basements in areas with a high water table must be designed to be __________ with walls that can withstand ____________

A

Waterproof

Hydrostatic pressure

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62
Q

Soils in areas with high water table usually results in a __________ bearing capacity

A

Reduced

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63
Q

Underground permeable material through which water can flow is known as an _________

A

Aquifer

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64
Q

Which kinds of plants are easier to maintain?

A

Indigenous

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65
Q

True or false: Trees and shrubs can create a vertical sense of enclosure.

A

True

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66
Q

True or False: Closely spaced trees do not create a horizontal sense of enclosure.

A

False

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67
Q

True of False: Trees and shrubs can be used to create privacy screening

A

True

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68
Q

What are some of the environmental benefits of having trees onsite?

A 
Block wind and sun
Cools, humidifies and filters air
Creates sheltered zone from wind
Can control erosion and destructive runoff
Absorb sound
Provides habitat
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69
Q

What is a great way of utilizing ground cover such as pavers or gravel beds?

A

To define space

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70
Q

What dictates the stability of a building in relationship to site?

A

Soil composition

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71
Q

The chemical decomposition of rock, introduction of water and air, and decay of vegetation and animal matter creates what?

A

Soil

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72
Q

The solid material that forms the earth’s crust and is the strongest for foundations is?

A

Bedrock

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73
Q

Fine textured, soft rock is known as?

A

Slate and shale

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74
Q

Rocks detached from bedrock is known as?

A

Boulders

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75
Q

Disintegrated rock masses that use to be solid is known as?

A

Decompressed rock

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76
Q

A consolidated mix of gravel, clay and sand that is good for foundations is called?

A

Hardpan

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77
Q

Loose granular rock pieces that are between .002 and 1/4 inch in size is known as?

A

Sand

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78
Q

Fine granular deposits from running water that are .002 inches or less in size is known as?

A

Silt

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79
Q

When mixed with water, silt becomes _______

A

Mud

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80
Q

Fine grained, firm and cohesive by the decompression and hydration of rock that expanse and contracts when wet is called?

A

Clay

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81
Q

Which type of soil is the most unpredictable and least stable for supporting building foundations?

A

Clay

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82
Q

A mix of sand and moving water and is totally unsuitable for building is called?

A

Quicksand

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83
Q

Who orders a subsurface exploration?

A

The architect

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84
Q

A simple excavation that allows visual inspection of the soil conditions is called a________

A

Test pit

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85
Q

A test by which a platform is erected on site and loaded consistently to observe settlement is called a _____

A

Soil Load test

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86
Q

The process by which samples are drilled by means of an auger is know as?

A

Boring

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87
Q

Boring by means of a water jet is known as a _______

A

Wash boring

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88
Q

What is a major disadvantage of wash boring?

A

Produces a mixed sample

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89
Q

What is a major benefit to wash boring?

A

Can surpass 100 feet

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90
Q

Boring by means of a diamond drill that can penetrate all soil materials but is more costly than other methods is know as?

A

Core boring

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91
Q

Boring done by means of driving a split ended pile every 5 feet is known as?

A

Dry sample boring

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92
Q

Who performs the analysis of the soil samples?

A

The soil engineer

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93
Q

What are some of the properties of soil giving in a soil report?

A 
Specific gravity
Grain size
Grain shape
Liquid and Plastic limits
Wet content
Void ratio
Unconfined compression
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94
Q

___________ occurs when dead load is added to a structure which compresses the soil underneath the foundations

A

Settlement

95
Q

True or false: Slight amount of settlement is a major problem

A

False. It is of little concern and is expected

96
Q

What type of settlement cause serious cracking and failures?

A

Differential settlement

97
Q

True of false: Settlement should be constantly monitored during construction

A

True

98
Q

The freeze/thaw cycle which can have a significant impact on foundations and impart greater stress such as heaving is known as?

A

Frost action

99
Q

Frost action is dependent on which two factors?

A

Soil type and geographic location

100
Q

The level below which no freezing occurs in the soil, thus the area below which the foundations should be placed is known as the ________?

A

Frost line

101
Q

True or false: Earth movement is prefers to near the surface due to fluctuations in moisture content

A

True

102
Q

Earth movement due to fluctuations in moisture are slight at a depth of ________ feet

A

5

103
Q

The level below which the ground is completely saturated with water is known as the __________?

A

Water table

104
Q

Pipes used to divert water away from the building foundations are known as?

A

Drainage tiles

105
Q

Drainage tiles are usually placed where?

A

6 inches below lowest floor slab

106
Q

Slabs on grade are subject to hydrostatic pressure and are usually placed on top of a few inches of gravel to prevent what?

A

Capillary action

107
Q

What are some methods of draining the site?

A

Grading contours of site
Gutters
Berms
Sloped paving

108
Q

Bearing capacity can be increased by _______ the bearing area of the footings

A

Increasing

109
Q

Another method of increasing bearing capacity of soil is by _________ it

A

Draining

110
Q

Is solid is good soft or contains organic fill, it should be removed and replaced by ____________

A

Compacted granular material

111
Q

Existing soil can be covered with a porous layer of sand, gravel or rushed rock, mixed together to form _____________

A

Hardpan

112
Q

To reduce void volume to increase bearing capacity one can add a compaction layer, use subsurface drainage or uses ________

A

Piles

113
Q

Soils can be compacted using _________?

A

Machinery

114
Q

True or false: Site analysis must be done to see which part of the site is suitable for certain functions. ie: the location of building or location or road.

A

True

115
Q

_________ & _________ must be balance with the expense of importing and exporting soil

A

Cut & file

116
Q

Onsite drainage should connect with what?

A

The natural drainage system

117
Q

The design of drainage patterns is known as?

A

Surface water management

118
Q

The design of _______________ is determined by the amount of run off, which is determined by the duration & intensity of storms plus the soil characteristics of the area

A

Surface drainage system

119
Q

Surface drainage system is based on ______, _____, ______, ______ year storms

A

5, 10, 25 and 50

120
Q

The basis of surface drainage system (SDS) for a residential area is typically the ______ year storm

A

5

121
Q

The basic of design for the SDS for a heavily developed area is usually a _____ or ______ year storm?

A

25 or 50

122
Q

Water flowing as a sheet across surface is known as a _______ _______ system

A

Sheet flow

123
Q

Gutters and underground pipes are part of what kind of system?

A

Drainage system

124
Q

Water will flow as a sheet across a surface at ______ to _______% slope

A

0.5 to 1

125
Q

Land adjacent to building should be sloped at ___% minimum to facilitate drainage

A

2%

126
Q

The banks drainage ditches are usually sloped between _____ and ____%

A

2 and 10%

127
Q

Grassed slopes should not exceed ____%

A

25

128
Q

Unmowed ground cover (ivy) should be slope at a maximum of ____% to avoid erosion

A

50%

129
Q

To avoid erosion, surface drainage should be contained in _________

A

Channels

130
Q

Subsurface drainage conduits should be sloped a minimum of _____% to be self cleaning

A

0.3%

131
Q

True or false: surface drainage is more expensive than underground drainage

A

False. It is much cheaper

132
Q

Subsurface drains with open joints allows for what?

A

Soil to drain

133
Q

Drainage lines are usually made _____ or ______

A

Clay or pvc

134
Q

A level slope is less than ____% and is suitable for all building

A

4%

135
Q

An slope between 4 to 10% is known as an ________ slope

A

Easy

136
Q

At steep slope is any slope greater than ____%

A

10

137
Q

Steep slopes lend themselves to what kind of design?

A

Split level

138
Q

The max slope for a grass recreation area is _____%

A

3%

139
Q

Walkways adjacent to buildings should be slope at less than ____%

A

4

140
Q

Parking areas should have a max slope of ____% for drainage

A

5

141
Q

Vehicular streets should be slope at a max of ___% for drainage

A

10%

142
Q

The surface features of an area is know as its_________

A

Topography

143
Q

__________ denotes a particular elevation

A

Contours

144
Q

The change in elevation between two contours is know as a _________?

A

Contour interval

145
Q

Hilly terrain has a _________ contour interval

A

Higher

146
Q

Smaller scale makes will have a ________ contour interval for legibility

A

Higher

147
Q

What is the formula for calculating gradient (G)?

A

G = V \H * 100

148
Q

Gradient is expressed as a ________

A

Percentage

149
Q

Removal of existing soil to allow for construction of foundations and substructure is known as _________

A

Excavation

150
Q

Permanently cut slopes should not exceed a ______ to ______ slope

A

1 to 1.5

151
Q

Permanently filled slopes should not exceed a slope greater than ______ to _______

A

2 to 1

152
Q

About how much does 1 cubic yard of soil weigh?

A

1 ton

153
Q

The alteration of site contours is known as ______

A

Grading

154
Q

The addition or removal of earth prior to construction is know as _______

A

Rough grading

155
Q

The final distribution of earth at the end of construction heat is more precise and includes top soil is know as _____

A

Finish grading

156
Q

Finish grade is accurate to within a margin of error of _____ inch

A

1

157
Q

The replacement of earth around foundations or retaining walls after for work is removed is known as________

A

Backfill

158
Q

Backfill is usually deposited in _____ to ______ inch layers, tamped and compacted to avoid settlement

A

6 to 12

159
Q

What transmits the building load to the underlying soil?

A

The foundations

160
Q

Parts of the foundations that have been widened to spread the load over a wider area is known as__________

A

Footings

161
Q

Foundations for soil close to ground with adequate bearing pressure are known as _________ foundations

A

Shallow

162
Q

Square or rectangular pads of concrete that spread column loads over a wider area are known as _________ footings

A

Column

163
Q

A continuous spread footing under a wall is known as a ______ footing?

A

Wall

164
Q

When column footings abut a property line, the exterior column connects to the first interior column. This is know as a _________ footing

A

Combined/cantilevered footing

165
Q

One large footing beneath an entire building used when soil conditions are poor is known as a ________ or raft footing

A

Mat

166
Q

What is similar to a mat footing, but the weight of the soil removed equals the load of the building?

A

Boat footing

167
Q

What are the types of shallow foundations?

A 
Column footings
Wall footings
Combines/cantilevered footings
Mat footings
Boat footings
168
Q

When upper soil has inadequate bearing capacity what type of foundations are used?

A

Deep foundations

169
Q

What is used to transfer loads to firmer, deeper soils?

A

Piles

170
Q

Load being transferred from building to soil by contact between pile and surrounding soil is known as ______ _______

A

Skin friction

171
Q

When the buildings load is supported directly by the rock or subsoil under the pile’s tip is know as _________ ________

A

End bearing

172
Q

Piles are usually made of…..

A

Wood
Concrete
Steel
Composite

173
Q

A drilled vertical shaft that is filled with concrete that transfers the load via skin friction is known as a ______ _______

A

Drilled pile

174
Q

A drilled vertical shaft filled with concrete which transfers the load by end bearing is known as a __________ _________

A

Drilled caisson

175
Q

Box like foundations used in very wet, soft soils are known as _______ and _________

A

Caissons and cofferdams

176
Q

Caissons and cofferdams are usually formed from….

A

Timber
Steel sheets
Concrete

177
Q

Excavation usually takes place where in relation to a caisson?

A

Inside

178
Q

For bridge piers or similar structures in water, the are is usually surround by watertight steel sheets which is known as ______ ______ , water is pumped out and foundations are then constructed. This method is known as ___________.

A

Sheet piling

Cofferdaming

179
Q

What are the common methods of providing support for existing foundations or earthwork?

A

Sheeting, bracing and underpinning

180
Q

Temporary walls of wood, steel or precast used to retain surrounding soil around an excavation is know as ______

A

Sheeting

181
Q

A type of sheeting by which a narrow trench is excavated and filled with slurry and then filled with rebar and concrete as the slurry is pumped out is know as a _______ ________

A

Slurry wall

182
Q

When the sheeting is braced to resist earths pressure is know as ______

A

Bracing

183
Q

What is a type of bracing?

A

Raker

184
Q

What is the drawback or using a Raker?

A

It interferes with excavation. If possible, the sheeting should be tile back into existing soil

185
Q

Supporting existing foundations and walls which are being extended downwards is known as _______

A

Underpinning

186
Q

What are some common methods of underpinning?

A

Needle beams and pipe cylinder with hydraulic jack

187
Q

Roads, walkways, fences lighting and landscaping are known as ________ ________

A

Site improvements

188
Q

Bituminous paving product made of asphaltic petroleum that is applied hot or cold over a prepped foundation in a single layer is known as ______ ______

A

Asphalt paving

189
Q

What are the layers for paving listed from top to bottom?

A

Asphalt 2-3 inches thick
Tamped fine aggregate
Tamped coarse stone or gravel

190
Q

True or false: grading of paving is crucial to avoid ponding

A

True

191
Q

Type of asphaltic paving which consists of asphaltic cement and graded aggregates that are mixed in a plant and applied while hot is known as _______ ______

A

Asphaltic concrete

192
Q

Type of asphaltic paving that is the same as asphaltic concrete except applied as a cold liquid is known as _______ ________

A

Cold laid asphalt

193
Q

Crushed stone, gravel or slag base compacted to a smooth surface that is then sprayed with hot asphalt cement or asphalt emulsion that is covered by fine aggregates and rolled until the aggregate filled the voids is known as ___________

A

Asphalt macadam

194
Q

What are some other common paving materials?

A

Brick
Cobbles
Granite sets
Flag stone

195
Q

What kind of paving is durable for pedestrian traffic and is usually laid over a sand or sand/cement bed

A

Brick paving

196
Q

What kind of paving is best as an alternative to asphalt that consist of rounded river stones 2-4 inches in diameter?

A

Stone cobbles

197
Q

What are small, rectangular or square stones set in cement or mortar?

A

Granite sets

198
Q

What is a thin slab of slate, blue or soap stone that is installed over a sand or mortar bed on top of a concrete slab?

A

Flag stones

199
Q

When earth is shaped or retained to to modify finished grade, it is known as a _______

A

Grade change device

200
Q

What are types of grade change devices?

A

Retaining walls
Stone riprap
Cribbing

201
Q

The development of outdoor space using earth, rock water, plants and other devices is known as _______

A

Landscaping

202
Q

One should take care to preserve what during the development of landscaping?

A

The existing vegetation

203
Q

When design landscaping one should consider the following:

A 
Suitability
Visual effect
Future growth pattern
Spacing
Overall pattern
204
Q

What are the benefits of onsite vegetation?

A 
Filters sunlight and controls radiant heat from ground
Reduces wind and noise
Absorbs light energy
Reduces wind speed
Reduces daytime temps
205
Q

How much light energy can vegetation absorb?

A

Up to 90%

206
Q

By how much can wind speed be reduced by vegetation?

A

To as low as 10%

207
Q

By how much can the daytime temp be reduced by vegetation?

A

15 degrees

208
Q

An architect must analyze ________ and _______ conditions and evaluate alternative ________ _________ in order to recommend optimum location for structures to minimize site work costs

A

Slope and soil conditions

Building sites

209
Q

The architect must also review the cost of various ______ ______ and select the most cost effective system

A

Surfacing methods

210
Q

The owner may establish the scope based on __________, _________ and __________.

A

Anticipated need
Quality of materials
Total budget

211
Q

If the project runs in to budget issues because the owner insist on using a specific material, what must he architect insist upon?

A

Reducing the quality of the material or suggest a compromise using the desired material and a cheaper material

212
Q

What must also be factored in for site development cost?

A

Continuing maintenance

213
Q

The relative cost and long term benefits of a system may need to be evaluated. If so’ evaluate the following:

In a 30 year life cycle of a building. If product A cost $1 and has a life span of 5 years and product B cost $2 and has a life span of 15 years, which is cheaper?

A

Product B. Product A would have to be replaced 6 times at a cost of $6, where as Product B would have to be replace 2 times at a cost of $4 over the life span of the building

214
Q

Site work may include:

A 
Demolition of existing building and site improvements
Earthwork
Foundations
Utilities
Paving
Lighting 
Site furniture
215
Q

The cost of labor and materials, contractor efficiency, technology, site characteristics and development usually effects _______ cost.

A

Initial

216
Q

The cost of maintenance over the course of several years effects _______ costs

A

Long range

217
Q

If product A cost $8 and has a life span of 5 years, but product B cost $10 with a life span of 10 years, which has the lowest annual replacement cost if 100 sqft of material is needed?

A

Product B

Product A is $800 over 5 years = $160 annual replacement cost
Product B is $1000 over 10 years = $100 annual replacement cost

218
Q

What are some strategies for cost control relative to site work?

A

Locate building on gentle slope
Arrange vehicular traffic along natural site contours
Locate paved parking on relatively level ground
Locate building close relative to new and existing utilities
Select indigenous plants
Avoid high water table
Use appropriate building materials

219
Q

When and where was the first zoning ordinance enacted to prevent streets from becoming dark canyons because of skyscrapers?

A

NYC 1916

220
Q

What recognizes aesthetic, environmental problems and preservation of historic sites as planning and development factors?

A

Model land development code

221
Q

What was a common practice in NYC to allow developers to create taller buildings?

A

Adding a public plaza in front of the building

222
Q

What are some of the factors dictated by the zoning code?

A 
Building height
Location of building on site
Size of building
Setbacks
Off street parking
Percentage of building coverage (FAR)
223
Q

Land coverage is expressed as a _________.

A

Percentage

224
Q

Floor area ratio (FAR) is calculated as what?

A

Total usable floor area divided by the total site area

225
Q

The FAR restricts what?

A

Building bulk

226
Q

Off street parking requirements usually require the owners to provide what?

A

Certain amount of parking spaces per visitor/tenant

227
Q

In what ways can parking requirements be expressed?

A

Number of a spaces per unit

Number of spaces per usable floor area

228
Q

What is a type of zoning developed to overcome rigid traditional zoning and make regulations relative to the changing patterns of development?

A

Flexible zoning

229
Q

An exception or deviation from an ordinance grandad by zoning board is known as a ______

A

Variance

230
Q

Flexibility in an ordinance granted by a zoning board only when certain conditions are met in the public interest is know as __________ . This does not change the zoning designation for the site

A

Conditional use

231
Q

Reassignment of the zoning designation of a parcel is know as _______

A

Re zoning

232
Q

When the developer agrees to extra restrictions in order to be granted a conditional use it is known as __________.

A

Contract zoning

233
Q

Rezoning small individuals parcels is known as ________.

A

Spot zoning

234
Q

Agreeing to waive certain requirements in an effort to reward builders for providing bonus features that benefiting the community is know as _______ or ________ zoning

A

Bonus or incentive

Site Planning and Design (3 decks)

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