Lesson 2: Respirator System, Mediastinum And Pleura

Question 1

Conductive system

Answer 1

Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Extrapulmonary bronchi
Intrapulmonary brunchi

Question 2

Transitional system

Answer 2

Bronchioles

Question 3

Secretory cell of transitional system

Answer 3

Club cell/ clara cell

Question 4

Serve as transition zone between the conductive system and gas exchange system

Answer 4

Bronchioles (primary, secondary, thirtiary)

Question 5

Highly metabolic and play an important role in detoxification of xianobitics

Answer 5

Club/ clara cell

Question 6

Protein secreted by clara cell

Answer 6

Collectin

Question 7

Exchange system

Answer 7

Alveoli ( alveolar duct, atrium,alveolar sac, alveolus)

Question 8

System of gas exchange is superficially line by__?

Answer 8

Pneumonocytes l (membranous)
Pneumonocytes ll (granular)

Question 9

Respiratory system vulnerability to aerogenous injuries is primarily due to:

Answer 9

1. Extensive interface between the respiratory system and inspired air.
2. Large volume of air that continuously passing in to the lungs.
3. High concentration of noxious element that can be present in the air.

Question 10

Normal flora of respiratory tract are restricted only in what particular part?

Answer 10

Conductive system (nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx)

Question 11

Conducting system is lined by what particular type of cell?

Answer 11

Pseudo stratified collumnar ciliated epithelium ( nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, part of the larynx, all of trachea and bronchi)

Olfactory epithelium (ethmoidal conchae)

Squamous epithelium (nasal vestibulum, part of the larynx)

Question 12

Cell of the respiratory system which lines most of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, part of larynx, trachea and bronchi.

Answer 12

Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

Question 13

What will happen if the ciliated cell become irreversibly injured due to viral infection, or inhalation of toxic gases.

Answer 13

Ciliated cells swell, lose their attachment to underlying basement membrane.

Transient and mild exudate of fluid,plasma proteins, and neutrophils covers the ulcer.

Specific type of progenitor cell known as basal cells or non nucleated secretory present in the mucosa migrate to cover the denuded basement membrane and undergo mitosis.

Eventually differentiating into new ciliated epithelial cell

Question 14

Respiratory cell that quite resistant to all form of injury.

Answer 14

Squamous epithelium

Question 15

Under normal circumstances, cellular exfoliation is prompt fallowed by:

Answer 15

Inflammation
Mitosis
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Repair

Question 16

This is form of chronic bronchitis is well illustrated in habitual smokers who continually need to cough excessive mucus secretion. ( production of mucus secretion is increased via goblet cell hyperplasia)

Answer 16

Chronic catarrhal inflammation

Question 17

One of the most devastating sequelae to chronic remodeling of the bronchi, it consists of pathologic and permanent dilation of the bronchus with rupture of the bronchial as a result of obstruction or chronic inflammation.

Answer 17

Bronchiectasis

Question 18

Degradation and weakening of smooth muscle and cartilage

Answer 18

Chondromalacia

Question 19

Further sequelae to bronchiolar metaplasia and mucous hypersecretion blocking or partially blocking the lumen of these bronchioles.

Answer 19

Pulmonary emphysema
Atelactasis

Question 20

Pulmonary disease in horses in which Pulmonary emphysema and atelactasis are two of the defects manifestation.

Answer 20

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/ recurrent airway obstruction “ heaves”

Question 21

Sequelae of bronchiolar injury

Answer 21

-Emphysema
-Atelectasis
-Hyperresponsiveness airway disease
-Recurrent airway obstruction

Question 22

It develops in human and animal after a transient and innocuous viral infection of the lower respiratory tract from exposure to certain allergies.

Answer 22

Hyperresponsiveness airway disease

Question 23

These two types of alveolar fibrosis are most commonly seen in toxic and allergy pulmonary diseases and have a devastating effect on lung function.

Answer 23

Alveolar septal fibrosis
Intraalveolar fibrosis

Question 24

The most common route in the transmission of most respiratory infection in domestic aniy.

Answer 24

Aerogenous

Question 25

some viruses, bacteria, parasites, and toxins can enter the respiratory system via the circulating blood.

Answer 25

Hematogenous

Question 26

Pathogenic organisms can also reach the pleura and lungs thru penetrating injuries.

Answer 26

Direct extension

Question 27

Process by which particles os various sizes, shapes are traped within specific region of respiratory tract.

Answer 27

Deposition

Question 28

Process by which deposited particles are destroyed, neutralized, and removed from the mucosal surfaces.

Answer 28

Clearance

Question 29

Main mechanisms involve involve in clearance:

Answer 29

Sneezing
Coughing
Absorption
Mucociliary transport
Phagocytosis

Question 30

Difference between what is deposited and what is cleared from the respiratory system.

Answer 30

Retention

Question 31

The physical removal of deposited particles or dissolved gases from the respiratory tract.

Answer 31

Mucociliary clearance

Question 32

Main defense mechanism of conducting system.

Answer 32

MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE

Antibodies
Lysozyme
Mucus

Question 33

The main defense mechanism of alveoli

Answer 33

Phagosytosis

Question 34

Inflamation of the nasal musuosarhini

Answer 34

Rhinitis