Lesson 2 diseases Flashcards
H1N1
Description: Mixture of viruses, seen in pigs, birds, and humans
Etiology: genetics changes in the swine flu allow it to affect humans
Signs and Symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, body aches, and headaches (same as seasonal flu) some experience diarrhea and vomiting
Diagnostic Procedures: patient has to have severe upper respiratory infection and confirmation through tests either 1) RT-PCR 2)viral culture 3)fourfold increase in H1N1-specific neutralizing antibodies
Treatment: antiviral meds, rest, hydration, vitamin C supplements
Prognosis: similar to influenza 7-10 days
Prevention: avoid contact with infected ppl, wash hands
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Description: E-coli bacteria live in intestines of healthy humans and animals but this strain contains a toxin that causes illness, food-borne illness eating undercooked or contaminated food or drinks
Etiology: lives in intestines of healthy cows, contaminated during slaughter, swimming in sewage-contaminated water can cause infection, bacteria from stool can pass from one person to the next
Signs and Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, cramps, sometimes asymptomatic, can cause kidney failure in children or elderly, seizures, blindness or paralysis
Diagnostic Procedures: stool sample test
Treatment: for those with diarrhea goes away within 5-10 days but those with hemolytic uremic syndrome (kidney failure) need to be hospitalized
Prognosis: good prognosis if only diarrhea; guarded if hemolytic uremic syndrome
Prevention: thoroughly cook meat, and only drink pasteurized milk and juices and hand washing while cooking and washing fruits and vegetables
Lyme Disease
Description: bacteria transmitted through tick; multiple stages
Etiology: bacteria is transmitted through tick bites
Signs and Symptoms: 1st bulls eye rash, flu-like symptoms like fatigue, headache, fever
2nd central nervous system problems stiff neck, joint and muscle pain 3rd , like meningitis, nerve damage and facial palsy chronic arthritis and neurological problems (fatigue and lethargy are consistent)
Diagnostic Procedures: the appearance of bull’s eye rash, blood tests
Treatment: no sugar, alcohol, antibiotics
Prognosis: ppl can recover completely if treated quickly
Prevention: cover body when going outside and use insect repellant, protect pets
West Nile Virus
Description: virus from a mosquito
Etiology:transmitted through bite of a infected mosquito who had been feeding on birds
Signs and Symptoms:mid-severe fever, headache, body ache, skin rash, swollen lymph glands Severe Infection includes stupor, disorientation, tremors, convulsions, coma, paralysis
Diagnostic Procedures: person’s locations and dates of travel, blood test
Treatment: fluids, analgesics things to make patient comfortable
Prognosis: days- weeks neurological effect can be permanent, old people are most vulnerable
Prevention: insect repellent, long sleeves and pants, stay away from standing water, install screens
Malaria
Description: (parasitic infection) febrile illness, caught when traveling abroad
Etiology: infected mosquitos bite humans and protozoas (parasites) spread and change throughout the body, causes RBCs to burst
Signs and Symptoms: fever, flulike illness,shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia and jaundice
Diagnostic Procedures: under microscope presence of parasites on blood sears are confirmed (RDTs) rapid diagnostic tests
Treatment: anti-malarial meds
Prognosis: if person gets treatment then prognosis is good, death can result
Prevention: eliminate malaria parasite, insect repellant, long pants and shirts
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Description: respiratory illness
Etiology: virus , touching skin of people or objects that are contaminatedthen touching eyes, mouth or nose
Signs and Symptoms: asymptomatic or respiratory illness moderate form = headache, fever, aches severe form= respiratory problems, dry cough, pneumonia
Diagnostic Procedures: chest x-ray, pulse taken, blood and sputum cultures, tests for viral respiratory pathogens
Treatment: same as treatment for pneumonia, other treatments based on symptoms
Prognosis: can be fatal
Prevention: avoid infected ppl, eye protection, gloves, washing of shared belongings with infected person
Common Cold
Description: infection that causes inflammation of upper respiratory tract, children are more susceptible
Etiology: hundreds of different viruses, airborne, hand to hand contact or using items an infected person touched can transmit the disease
Signs and Symptoms: nasal congestion, pharyngitis, headache, malaise, burning, watery eyes, low grade fever(in kids)
Diagnostic Procedures: no specific test just rule out disorders that produce similar symptoms
Treatment: mild analgesics, fluis, rest, decongestants, nasal sprays, lozenges, humidifier
Prognosis: self-limiting but can lead to bacterial linfections
Prevention: hand washing, avoiding crowds
Influenza
Description: contagious respiratory disease,characterized by fever, chills, headache and myalgia (muscle pain and tenderness) kids and elderly most susceptible
Etiology: virus, frequently mutate transmission occurs via cough, sneeze, hand-to-hand contact and personal contact
Signs and Symptoms: onset is abrupt, fecer, chills, croup, malaise, muscle aches, headache, nasal congestion, laryngitis, cough
Diagnostic Procedures: throat culture isolates the virus and rules out bacteria
Treatment: rest, fluid, analgesics, antipyretics
Prognosis: good with proper care, complications include sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia, deaths occur each year
Prevention: vaccines,hand wahing
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Description: debilitating chronic disease weeks or years. may be organic brain-based condition
Etiology: no agreement on the cause it is multifactorial, viruses are suspected, person’s immune system, genetic makeup, hormonal imbalance, environment
Signs and Symptoms: persistent fatigue that doesn't resolve with bed rest lasts at least 6 months, reduces daily activities by 50% and at at least four of these criteria- feer, chills sore throat painful cervical or axillary lymph nodes muscle weakness muscle discomfort migratory arthralgia photophobia forgetfulness transient visual scotomata irritability confusion depression sleep disturbance acute or sub acute initial onset
Diagnostic Procedures: syndrome of symptoms, diagnosis comes from exclusions, complete history and physical, lab tests for blood cell count, electrolytes, thyroid-stimulating hormone and urinalysis
Treatment: Support, NSAIDS, meds for energy or emotions, psychiatric evaluation, lifestyle changes, holistic approach
Prognosis: debilitating and lengthy
Prevention: none
HIV/AIDS
Description: HIV infection, virus
Etiology: sexual contact, blood, shared needles, infants born to infected women, breast milk
Signs and Symptoms: none at first, some get fever and flu-like symptoms, symptoms go away and come back 8-10 weeks later. then lymphadenopathy, weight loss, fever fatigue neurological symptoms, opportunistic infections and malignancy
Diagnostic Procedures: 4 rapid HIV tests oral fluid, fingerstic blood, serum specimens are tested in these tests
Treatment: antiretroviral drugs that slow HIV progression, antiretroviral therapy drugs, management of infections and malignancies as aggressively as possible. symptomatic treatment for chronic illnesses associated with the virus.
Prognosis: recurrent infections iwth or without malignancies ususally cause death of those with AIDS. rapid testing and treatment can extend a person’s life by years.
Prevention: no vaccine, education is the best defense, safe sex with condoms, precautions with handling bodiliy fluids and blood.
Mumps
Description: children, young adults most likely to get it. contagious disease of fever, inflammation of parotid salivary glands.(late winter and spring)
Etiology: mumps paramyxovirus with incubation of 18 days transmitted by droplets of saliva airborne route.
Signs and Symptoms:
unilater or bilateral swollen parotid fladns, headache, malaise, fever earache may ovur, salivary glands are swollen.
Diagnostic Procedures: clinical exam and history can diagnose. nasopharyngeal culture is done. complemenet fixation test may be ordered
Treatment: analgesics, antipyretics fluids, isolation of patient
Prognosis: good, complicationns can occur like orchitis(inflammation of adult men testes), pancreatitis, central nervous system manifestations
Prevention: vaccine, hand washing, disposal of contaminated tissues
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
Description: occurs in children, flulike symptoms , redness of the skin. mild illness that exhibits a rash quickly
Etiology: human parvovirus B19 transmitted through respiratory secretions or direct contact. contagious before person exhibits symptoms
Signs and Symptoms: occasional fever and red facial rash “Slapped cheek” circumoral pallor and symmetric lacy rash on the trunk and limbs. rash is recurrent for weeks with exposure to su, heat, stress or exercise. 60% of kids that are infected are asymptomatic
Diagnostic Procedures: clinical presentation, throat swabs, respiratory tract secretions and serum
Treatment: no specific treatment just those to treat the fever
Prognosis: good complication inclue arthalgia and arthritis
Prevention: good hygiene and disposal of tissues
Pertussis
Description: highly infections respiratory tract disease characterized by repetitious, paraoxysmal cough and prolonged harsh or shrill sound during inspiration (The “whoop”) affects kids and infants predominantly
Etiology: bacteria bordetella pertussis is to blame. incubation of 7-10 days. induces mucopurulent secretion and hampers the atural ability of respiratory tract to clear secretions. airways are obstructed. transmission is direct ocntact with discharge from muscous membrane of infected person.
Signs and Symptoms: 3 stages catarrhal stage- gradual onset of coldlike symptoms-mild fever, running nose, dry cough, irritability and anorexia
-2- classic cough, could cause weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, epistaxis and hypoxia
3- diminishing of cough
Diagnostic Procedures: history of exposure to another infected individual, very high WBC count and nasopharyngeal culture
Treatment: antibiotics during catarrhal stage otherwise they are ineffective, meticulous care must be given to ensure patient is hydrated, eating and cleared of mucous
Prognosis: uncomplicatied cases last 12 weeks, recovery takes longer in infants. complications include seizures, apnea, encephalopathy and pneomonia. young children can die.
Prevention: DTap vaccine, good hand washing, disposal of tissues
Tetanus
Description: infectious disease charaterized by persisten, painful contractions of skeletal muscles. affects any person but children are at greater risk because they tend to have more skin wounds due to play. acquired from the environment not transmitted person to person.
Etiology: bacteria clostridium tetani found in soil. burns, surgical incisions, chronic skin ulcers provide chance for bacteria to enter body. otitis media nad dental infections also provide that opportunity. spores attack central nervous system and cause muscles to contract.
Signs and Symptoms: onset is gradual or abrupt. stiffness of jaw, esophageal muscles and neck muscles is the first sign of disease. Later lockjaw, voice is altered, facial muscles contact, lastly muscles of the ack and extremities have extreme convulsive spasms. final stage has high fever, sweating, tachycardia, dysphagia, intense pain.
Diagnostic Procedures: diagnosed based on symptoms
Treatment: site of infection has to be cleaned, antibiotics kill bacteria. huma tetanus immune globulin is administered, muscle relaxant may be presecribed. tracheostomy to prevent choking, meticulous care to aintain nutrition and hydration
Prognosis: lasting idsability is rare. frequently fatal among unimmunized people. death may result from asphyxiation, complications and exhaustion.
Prevention: contrating tentanus does not protect from it in the future. routine vaccines with boosters throughout life. wear protective clothing clean wounds
Diptheria
Description: gray-black membranelike coating that forms over mucous membrane particularly along respiratory tract which can block airways. can cause toxic reactionaffecting the heart and peripheral skin. most cases occur in kids under 10
Etiology: bacteria caused which release highly potent toxin capable of damaging heart, kidneys and peripheral nerves. transmission through close contact with discharge from nose, throat, eye and skin lesion
Signs and Symptoms: slight headache, malaise, mild fever. there may be strong foul odor to the breath, blusih skin skin color, bloody watery nasal drainage and breathing problems.
Diagnostic Procedures: appearance of membrane may be enough to establigh diagnosis, nose and throat culture to identfy the bacteria are done.
Treatment: antitoxen as early as possible followed by antibiotic therapy, oslation, bed rest
Prognosis: varies according to severity, death ay result due to complications like myocarditis
Prevention: highly preventable. vaccines and booster shots.
Anthrax
Description: infection in the skin, inhaled or intestinal (skin infection is most common)
Etiology: exposure to infected animals or direct exposure to bacillus anthracis
Signs and Symptoms: Diagnostic Procedures: 1) raised itchy bump that turns into a blister then ulcer 2) symptoms of inhalation anthrax are those of a cold with severe breathing problems and shock 3)intestinal anthrax is inflammation of intestinal tract causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
Treatment: antibiotics
Prognosis: fatalitiy is about 20% early treatment is better for cutaneous anthrax. inhalation has mortality rate of 75% and intestinal has mortality rate of 60%
Prevention: vaccine
MRSA
Description: bacteria: staphylococci can be in body and person doesn’t know it, can affect an
Etiology: not spread through the air, only when coming in contact with close or direct contact with infected individuals or infected items.
Signs and Symptoms:depend on where the infection causes disease
Diagnostic Procedures: culture and sensitivity
Treatment: draining wound, or antibiotics
Prognosis: can be difficult to treat if infection spreads to bone or blood, long or skin. depends on how quickly client is treated
Prevention: hand washing, wear masks if necessary in medical setting, healthy people are at low risk if they come in casual contact with the bacteria
Botulism
Description:causes paralysis food borne caused by eating food contaminated with botulism toxin, would botulism, infant botulism
Etiology: bacteria found in soil
Signs and Symptoms: blurred, double vision, slurred speech, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness,all occur within 12-36 hours of eating contaminated food
Diagnostic Procedures: blood and stool tests
Treatment: anti-toxin derived from horses to block the action of the toxin, respirator, surgical removal of toxin producing bacteria and antibiotics, after several weeks paralysis decreases
Prognosis: moths of recuperation, fatigue and shortness of breath
Prevention: seek help with wounds, don’t use street drugs, store food properly
Plague
Description: bubonic plague caused by the bite of infected flea, or break in the skin pneumonic blage is spread through close contact with infected ppl and affects the lungs (bacteria is inhaled through the air)
Etiology: spreads through flea bites or can travel through the air and spreads from person to person
Signs and Symptoms: fever, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, pneumonia, bloody or watery sputum, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain
Diagnostic Procedures: blood or sputum tests
Treatment: antibitotic
Prognosis: without antibiotic leads to respiratory failure, shock and death
Prevention: tight fitting surgical masks, early antibiotic treatment upon being close to someone with the plague
Infectious Diarrheal Disease
Description: affects kids younger than 5. highly contagious in day care centers
Etiology: transmitted oral-fecal route and possibly airborne respiratory droplets. 48 hours incubation, rotaviruses, bacteria and parasitic infections are the causes.
Signs and Symptoms: diarrhea may be bloody with vomiting, nausea and abdominal cramping, low grade fever may be present. in severe cases, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis and kidney failure can occur.
Diagnostic Procedures: history and physcial exam. careful exam of child’s diet for the previous 3- days. stool checked on multiple days for parasites, bacteria, white blood cells.
Treatment: rehydration. if it is caused by a virus then no medicine, bacterial is the cause then antibiotics. if it is caused by a parasite then the drug will be chosen based on the kind of parasite. high caloric intake should be encouraged with no high sugar foods.
Prognosis: good if addressed swiftly and antimicrobial medicine is started. If infection is severe child can die within hours.
Prevention: good hand washing, no swimming in standing water, water and food that is free from bacteria should be given to all children and washing between diaper changes and feeding of children is important.
Rubeola
Description: highly contagious respiratory disease (measles) fever and chatacteristic rash. school-age children most at risk, outbreak is in winter or spring
Etiology: caused by morbillivirus rubeola virus through direct contact with infectious droplets and occassionaly through the air
Signs and Symptoms:onset of symptoms is gradual. rhinitis, cough, cold, drowsiness, anorexia, slow progressive rise in fever. small red spots with bluish white centers called koplik spots appear on the oral mucosa by 2nd or 3rd day. photophobia and cough follow. 4th day fever is at its max (104-106) and rash appears on the face which enlarge and spread to other areas of the body. can be so dense that skin appears swollen and red.
Diagnostic Procedures: clinical picture of symptoms is enough for diagnosis. blood testing reveals decrease in WBCs
Treatment: bed rest, darkened room, antipyretics ad liquids, isolate infected child
Prognosis: runs its course in about 5 days, complications like croup, conjunctivitis, myocarditis, respiratory tract infections
Prevention:vaccine, hand washing and throwing away dirty tissues
Varicella
Description: chickenpox highly contagious characterized by rash that passes through stages of macules, papules, small blisters and crusts. most common in children
Etiology: varicella-zoster virus incubation for 2-3 weeks spread via respiratory secretions and direct contact
Signs and Symptoms: rash has combo of paules, blisters, scabs in all stages, anorexia, malaise and fever or common
Diagnostic Procedures: clinical exam can diagnose with discussion about recent exposure helps to confirm
Treatment: isolation and meds to reduce itching like antihistamines, calamine lotion, cool bakig soda or oatmeal bath. do not scratch lesions
Prognosis: good, complications can arise from infected wounds. those who have had chickenpox are at risk for shingles later in life
Prevention: vaccine as a child, can be administered with 3 days to stop the progression of the disease. hand washing, tissue disposal
