Lesson 2: Covalent and Ionic Bonding

Question 1

Ionic Bonding

Description

Answer 1

• Electrostatic attraction in all directions.
• Between positive (metal) and negative (non-metal) ions.
• Ionic molecules are giant lattice structures.
• Intermolecular forces are not present.

Question 2

Ionic Bonding

Obtaining Empirical Formulae

Answer 2

• Switching the superscript number to the other element forms the formula of the compound.
• Eg. Al(3+) + O(2-) > Al₂O₃

Question 3

Ionic Bonding

Group Rules

Group 1-3

Answer 3

• Group 1-3 are metals.
• Forms 1+, 2+ and 3+.
• Loss of electrons to non-metal.

Question 4

Ionic Bonding

Group Rules

Group 4

Answer 4

• Group 4 has metals and non-metals.
• There are no 4+ or 4- ions.
• It requires too much energy to lose 4 electrons and obtain noble gas structure.

Question 5

Ionic Bonding

Group Rules

Group 15-17

Answer 5

• Group 15-17 are non-metals.
• Form 3-, 2- and 1-.
• Gain of electrons from metal.

Question 6

Ionic Bonding

Bohr Diagrams

Answer 6

• AKA dot and cross diagrams.
• Represents electrons from one element with crosses and another with dots.
• Only the outer shell needs to be shown.

Question 7

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Lattices

Answer 7

• Millions of ions are packed together in a lattice structure, joined by ionic bonds.
• A lattice is a regular, repeated 3D arrangement of ions, atoms or molecules.

Question 8

Ionic Bonding

Properties

Answer 8

• Solid at room temperature.
• Conducts electricity.
• Soluble in water.

Question 9

Ionic Bonding

Solid at Room Temperature

Answer 9

• High melting and boiling point.
• Strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Requires more energy to break the bonds.

Question 10

Ionic Bonding

Conducts Electricity

Properties

Answer 10

• Conduction occurs when molten dissolved.
• Ions are free to move and carry electrical charge.

Question 11

Ionic Bonding

Soluble in Water

Properties

Answer 11

• Water has a positive and negative end, meaning it is a polar molecule.
• Ionic ions attract and dissolve (which only occurs when water molecules surround the ions).

Question 12

Covalent Bonding

Description

Answer 12

• Chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons to obtain noble gas configuration.
• Caused by overlap of two or more non-metallic elements each containing an unpaired electron.

Question 13

Covalent Bonding

Dative Covalent Bonds

Answer 13

Covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom.