Lesson 2, Chapter 18

Question 1

scientific management

Answer 1

thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job

Question 2

soldiering

Answer 2

when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs

Question 3

time study

Answer 3

timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs

Question 4

Gantt chart

Answer 4

a graphic chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

Question 5

motion study

Answer 5

breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

Question 6

bureaucracy

Answer 6

the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience

Question 7

integrative conflict resolution

Answer 7

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and then working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

Question 8

organization

Answer 8

a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people

Question 9

subsystems

Answer 9

smaller systems that operate in the context of a larger system

Question 10

system

Answer 10

a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole

Question 11

closed systems

Answer 11

systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment

Question 12

open systems

Answer 12

systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environment, on which they depend for their survival

Question 13

synergy

Answer 13

when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

Question 14

contingency approach

Answer 14

holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place