Lesson 2: Capstone Research Flashcards
- is an assumption that offers a tentative explanation
or answer to the research problem or question - unlike a prediction, a research hypothesis is based
on factual and scientific information gathered
during the literature review - used to formulate a speculative outcome of a study
or an experiment
Hypothesis
The main goal of the research hypothesis is to
define the relationship of the two central variables.
Independent and Dependent Variables
The hypothesis is refined by adding possible
outcomes based on your research background.
It provides the direction of the study
5 Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
- It contains both the independent and dependent variables.
- It provides the direction of the study.
- It is testable and measurable.
- It is clear and understandable
- It is falsifiable
The hypothesis must prove that the study can be done because it can be verified through testing and measurement.
It is testable and measurable
The hypothesis must be stated directly and can
be easily understood by readers
It is clear and understandable.
- The gathered data are analyzed and interpreted to find out
whether the results support or refute the hypothesis. - The hypothesis can be rejected if it is not supported by the
research findings.
It is falsifiable
- describes the approaches used to systematically
conduct the research - provides the rationale of the application of specific
techniques or protocols - allows the readers, especially the reviewers, to
critically assess the research’s overall validity,
whether it is appropriate to the topic or not, if the
theories and assumptions are correct, or if it is
updated or obsolete
Methodology
- information you collect, study, or process, whether
they are from field studies, or lab experiments - analyzed, interpreted, and presented to the people
who will benefit from them - may be in the form of field notes, lab notes,
pictures, videos, answers to questionnaires,
specimens, and samples, among others
Data
Data can be classified into two (2), what are these two?
- Qualitative data
- Quantitative data
measurable and analyzed using statistical tools
quantitative data
descriptive and unstructured
qualitative data
There are three standard methods of collection, what are these three (3)?
- Experimentation
- Observation
- Survey
- The researcher observes and measures the characteristics of the subjects without applying any treatments.
- An observation takes place in an uncontrolled setting and gives a more realistic report of what is happening.
- Observational data show a correlational perspective between the test subject and its surroundings.
Observational Data
The researcher takes an active part of the test group without the knowledge of the rest of the group. The observer achieves a better understanding of the group since they do not know that they are being studied; their natural behavior and real character are observed
Participant Observation
The researcher passively observes the test group from a distance by not participating in their activities. The members of the test group are aware of the observer’s presence. The observer is more objective and neutral in his or her observation and gives a careful analysis of the events
Nonparticipant Observation
The researcher observes the behavior of the test group in a natural environment and not in a laboratory setting
Naturalistic Observation
In _____ research, mathematical, physical, or computer models are used to imitate the conditions of a process or situation. For example, a model of meteorological factors (e.g. temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.) and air quality data can be simulated to give the overall status of air pollution in an
area or a region. Likewise, studies on plant disease epidemiology can create models for predicting the appearances of diseases to crops
Simulation
What are the four (4) Types of Observation?
Participant Observation
Nonparticipant Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Simulation
- collected from an experimental study that involves taking
measurements in a controlled setting. - provide a causal claim relationship – if an object is given a certain treatment, then it will have a certain effect
Experimental Data
the one that is manipulated by the researcher
Independent
the one likely to change in response
to the independent variable
Dependent
remaining variables that stay constant all throughout the experiment
Controlled
What are the three (3) Sets of Variable?
Independent
Dependent
Controlled
the category of the independent variable in an
experiment
Factor
values of a factor
Levels
an experimental design that in which samples are randomly selected and the experiment has a control group
Randomized Controlled Experiment
other measurable factors that may affect the dependent variable but are not the focus of the study
Extraneous Variables
if the extraneous variables are not controlled, then they change along with the variables being studied
Confounding Variables
the number of samples having the same treatment or as the number of times the experiment was done under
similar conditions
Replication
- used to gather information
- come in different forms and use instruments like questionnaires and interviews
Survey
- a series of written questions answered by participants
- steps to be followed when conducting surveys using a
questionnaire:
(a) formulating the questions;
(b) asking the questions;
(c) tallying the results; and
(d) reporting your findings
Questionnaire
- a face-to-face encounter with the participants
- considered more personal than a questionnaire
- qualitative in nature and can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or
informally - open-ended questions are asked during interviews wherein an individual
question may be changed depending on the answer of the participant - responses to an interview will take time to be analyzed
- bias may also be formed, both from the interviewer and the respondent
- may also be conducted over the telephone or by using video chat services such
as Zoom
Interview
