Lesson 2: Capstone Research

Question 1

• is an assumption that offers a tentative explanation
  or answer to the research problem or question
• unlike a prediction, a research hypothesis is based
  on factual and scientific information gathered
  during the literature review
• used to formulate a speculative outcome of a study
  or an experiment

Answer 1

Hypothesis

Question 2

The main goal of the research hypothesis is to
define the relationship of the two central variables.

Answer 2

Independent and Dependent Variables

Question 3

The hypothesis is refined by adding possible
outcomes based on your research background.

Answer 3

It provides the direction of the study

Question 4

5 Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

Answer 4

• It contains both the independent and dependent variables.
• It provides the direction of the study.
• It is testable and measurable.
• It is clear and understandable
• It is falsifiable

Question 5

The hypothesis must prove that the study can be done because it can be verified through testing and measurement.

Answer 5

It is testable and measurable

Question 6

The hypothesis must be stated directly and can
be easily understood by readers

Answer 6

It is clear and understandable.

Question 7

• The gathered data are analyzed and interpreted to find out
  whether the results support or refute the hypothesis.
• The hypothesis can be rejected if it is not supported by the
  research findings.

Answer 7

It is falsifiable

Question 8

• describes the approaches used to systematically
  conduct the research
• provides the rationale of the application of specific
  techniques or protocols
• allows the readers, especially the reviewers, to
  critically assess the research’s overall validity,
  whether it is appropriate to the topic or not, if the
  theories and assumptions are correct, or if it is
  updated or obsolete

Answer 8

Methodology

Question 9

• information you collect, study, or process, whether
  they are from field studies, or lab experiments
• analyzed, interpreted, and presented to the people
  who will benefit from them
• may be in the form of field notes, lab notes,
  pictures, videos, answers to questionnaires,
  specimens, and samples, among others

Answer 9

Data

Question 10

Data can be classified into two (2), what are these two?

Answer 10

• Qualitative data
• Quantitative data

Question 11

measurable and analyzed using statistical tools

Answer 11

quantitative data

Question 12

descriptive and unstructured

Answer 12

qualitative data

Question 13

There are three standard methods of collection, what are these three (3)?

Answer 13

• Experimentation
• Observation
• Survey

Question 14

• The researcher observes and measures the characteristics of the subjects without applying any treatments.
• An observation takes place in an uncontrolled setting and gives a more realistic report of what is happening.
• Observational data show a correlational perspective between the test subject and its surroundings.

Answer 14

Observational Data

Question 15

The researcher takes an active part of the test group without the knowledge of the rest of the group. The observer achieves a better understanding of the group since they do not know that they are being studied; their natural behavior and real character are observed

Answer 15

Participant Observation

Question 16

The researcher passively observes the test group from a distance by not participating in their activities. The members of the test group are aware of the observer’s presence. The observer is more objective and neutral in his or her observation and gives a careful analysis of the events

Answer 16

Nonparticipant Observation

Question 17

The researcher observes the behavior of the test group in a natural environment and not in a laboratory setting

Answer 17

Naturalistic Observation

Question 18

In _____ research, mathematical, physical, or computer models are used to imitate the conditions of a process or situation. For example, a model of meteorological factors (e.g. temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.) and air quality data can be simulated to give the overall status of air pollution in an
area or a region. Likewise, studies on plant disease epidemiology can create models for predicting the appearances of diseases to crops

Answer 18

Simulation

Question 19

What are the four (4) Types of Observation?

Answer 19

Participant Observation
Nonparticipant Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Simulation

Question 20

• collected from an experimental study that involves taking
  measurements in a controlled setting.
• provide a causal claim relationship – if an object is given a certain treatment, then it will have a certain effect

Answer 20

Experimental Data

Question 21

the one that is manipulated by the researcher

Answer 21

Independent

Question 22

the one likely to change in response
to the independent variable

Answer 22

Dependent

Question 23

remaining variables that stay constant all throughout the experiment

Answer 23

Controlled

Question 24

What are the three (3) Sets of Variable?

Answer 24

Independent
Dependent
Controlled

Question 25

the category of the independent variable in an
experiment

Answer 25

Factor

Question 26

values of a factor

Answer 26

Levels

Question 27

an experimental design that in which samples are randomly selected and the experiment has a control group

Answer 27

Randomized Controlled Experiment

Question 28

other measurable factors that may affect the dependent variable but are not the focus of the study

Answer 28

Extraneous Variables

Question 29

if the extraneous variables are not controlled, then they change along with the variables being studied

Answer 29

Confounding Variables

Question 30

the number of samples having the same treatment or as the number of times the experiment was done under
similar conditions

Answer 30

Replication

Question 31

• used to gather information
• come in different forms and use instruments like questionnaires and interviews

Answer 31

Survey

Question 32

• a series of written questions answered by participants
• steps to be followed when conducting surveys using a
  questionnaire:
  (a) formulating the questions;
  (b) asking the questions;
  (c) tallying the results; and
  (d) reporting your findings

Answer 32

Questionnaire

Question 33

• a face-to-face encounter with the participants
• considered more personal than a questionnaire
• qualitative in nature and can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or
  informally
• open-ended questions are asked during interviews wherein an individual
  question may be changed depending on the answer of the participant
• responses to an interview will take time to be analyzed
• bias may also be formed, both from the interviewer and the respondent
• may also be conducted over the telephone or by using video chat services such
  as Zoom

Answer 33

Interview